FN Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge
VR 1.0
PT J
AU Bertomeu-Sanchez, JR
AF Ramon Bertomeu-Sanchez, Jose
TI Managing Uncertainty in the Academy and the Courtroom Normal Arsenic and
   Nineteenth-Century Toxicology
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID KNOWLEDGE; SCIENCE
AB This essay explores how the enhanced sensitivity of chemical tests sometimes produced unforeseen and puzzling problems in nineteenth-century toxicology. It focuses on the earliest uses of the Marsh test for arsenic and the controversy surrounding "normal arsenic"-that is, the existence of traces of arsenic in healthy human bodies. The essay follows the circulation of the Marsh test in French toxicology and its appearance in the academy, the laboratory, and the courtroom. The new chemical tests could detect very small quantities of poison, but their high sensitivity also offered new opportunities for imaginative defense attorneys to undermine the credibility of expert witnesses. In this context, toxicologists had to dispel the uncertainty associated with the new method and come up with arguments to refute the many possible criticisms of their findings, among them the appeal to normal arsenic. Meanwhile, new descriptions of animal experiments, autopsies, and cases of poisoning produced a steady flow of empirical data, sometimes supporting but in many cases questioning previous conclusions about the reliability of the chemical tests. This challenging scenario provides many clues about the complex interaction between science and the law in the nineteenth century, particularly how expert authority, credibility, and trustworthiness were constructed, and frequently challenged, in the courtroom.
C1 Inst Hist Med & Sci Lopez Pinero, Valencia 46003, Spain.
RP Bertomeu-Sanchez, JR (reprint author), Inst Hist Med & Sci Lopez Pinero, Pl Cisneros 4, Valencia 46003, Spain.
EM Jose.R.Bertomeu@uv.es
FU Spanish government [HAR2009-12918-C03-03]
FX This essay is part of a larger study on nineteenth-century toxicology
   supported by the Spanish government (HAR2009-12918-C03-03). I am very
   grateful to the staff of the Bibliotheque Interuniversitaire de Sante,
   Paris, who helped me with many relevant sources for this paper, and to
   the Chemical Heritage Foundation (CHF), Philadelphia, in whose library
   this essay took shape thanks to two short-term fellowships (July-August
   2010 and March 2011). Marjorie Gapp and Amanda Antonucci helped me with
   the impressive art collection of the CHF. I am also indebted to the
   organizers of and participants in the meetings in which earlier versions
   of the essay were discussed and to Jose Pardo Tomas and Josep Simon
   Castel for their insightful comments and suggestions. The late Josep
   Miquel Vidal, president of the scientific section of the Institut
   Menorqui d'Estudis, enthusiastically supported the development of this
   project. I would like also to acknowledge the anonymous referees for
   Isis.
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NR 134
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD JUN
PY 2013
VL 104
IS 2
BP 197
EP 225
DI 10.1086/670945
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 172YW
UT WOS:000321044500001
ER

PT J
AU Bertucci, P
AF Bertucci, Paola
TI The In/visible Woman Mariangela Ardinghelli and the Circulation of
   Knowledge between Paris and Naples in the Eighteenth Century
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SCIENCE
AB Mariangela Ardinghelli (1730-1825) is remembered as the Italian translator of two texts by the Newtonian physiologist Stephen Hales, Haemastaticks and Vegetable Staticks. This essay shows that her role in the Republic of Letters was by no means limited to such work. At a time of increasing interest in the natural history of the areas around Naples, she became a reliable cultural mediator for French travelers and naturalists. She also acted as an informal foreign correspondent for the Paris Academy of Sciences, connecting scientific communities in Naples and France. Unlike other learned women of the time, Ardinghelli was neither an aristocrat nor a member of the ascendant middle class. The essay discusses the strategies she devised to build her authority and her choice of anonymity at the apex of her popularity, when she translated scientific texts by contemporary celebrities such as the abbe Nollet and the comte de Buffon. It argues that, in spite of Ardinghelli's historical invisibility, for her contemporaries she never became an "invisible assistant": she constructed layers of selective visibility that allowed her authorship to be identified by specific audiences, while protecting herself from social isolation or derision.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Hist, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
RP Bertucci, P (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Hist, POB 208324, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
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NR 108
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD JUN
PY 2013
VL 104
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
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GA 172YW
UT WOS:000321044500002
ER

PT J
AU Gianquitto, T
AF Gianquitto, Tina
TI Botanical Smuts and Hermaphrodites Lydia Becker, Darwin's Botany, and
   Education Reform
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SCIENCE
AB In 1868, Lydia Becker (1827-1890), the renowned Manchester suffragist, announced in a talk before the British Association for the Advancement of Science that the mind had no sex. A year later, she presented original botanical research at the BAAS, contending that a parasitic fungus forced normally single-sex female flowers of Lychnis diurna to develop stamens and become hermaphroditic. This essay uncovers the complex relationship between Lydia Becker's botanical research and her stance on women's rights by investigating how her interest in evolutionary theory, as well as her correspondence with Charles Darwin, critically informed her reform agendas by providing her with a new vocabulary for advocating for equality. One of the facts that Becker took away from her work on Lychnis was that even supposedly fixed, dichotomous categories such as biological sex became unfocused under the evolutionary lens. The details of evolutionary theory, from specific arguments on structural adaptations to more encompassing theories on heredity (i.e., pangenesis), informed Becker's understanding of human physiology. At the same time, Becker's belief in the fundamental equality of the sexes enabled her to perceive the distinction between inherent, biological differences and culturally contingent ones. She applied biological principles to social constructs as she asked: Do analogous evolutionary forces act on humans?
C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Div Liberal Arts & Int Studies, Golden, CO 80401 USA.
RP Gianquitto, T (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Div Liberal Arts & Int Studies, Golden, CO 80401 USA.
EM tinagian@mines.edu
FU National Endowment for the Humanities; American Council of Learned
   Societies
FX I would like to thank the many colleagues and friends who offered
   thoughtful comments on this essay, especially Thomas Andrews, Carol
   Byerly, Anne Hyde, Lauren LaFauci, Paul Sutter, and Sandy Woodson. I am
   also grateful to Bernie Lightman and the anonymous Isis referees.
   Research was supported by fellowships from the National Endowment for
   the Humanities and the American Council of Learned Societies.
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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UT WOS:000321044500003
ER

PT J
AU Lambert, K
AF Lambert, Kevin
TI A Natural History of Mathematics George Peacock and the Making of
   English Algebra
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB In a series of papers read to the Cambridge Philosophical Society through the 1820s, the Cambridge mathematician George Peacock laid the foundation for a natural history of arithmetic that would tell a story of human progress from counting to modern arithmetic. The trajectory of that history, Peacock argued, established algebraic analysis as a form of universal reasoning that used empirically warranted operations of mind to think with symbols on paper. The science of counting would suggest arithmetic, arithmetic would suggest arithmetical algebra, and, finally, arithmetical algebra would suggest symbolic algebra. This philosophy of suggestion provided the foundation for Peacock's "principle of equivalent forms," which justified the practice of nineteenth-century English symbolic algebra. Peacock's philosophy of suggestion owed a considerable debt to the early Cambridge Philosophical Society culture of natural history. The aim of this essay is to show how that culture of natural history was constitutively significant to the practice of nineteenth-century English algebra.
C1 Calif State Univ Fullerton, Dept Liberal Studies, Fullerton, CA 92834 USA.
RP Lambert, K (reprint author), Calif State Univ Fullerton, Dept Liberal Studies, Fullerton, CA 92834 USA.
EM klambert@fullerton.edu
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PT J
AU Schmalzer, S
AF Schmalzer, Sigrid
TI Insect Control in Socialist China and the Corporate United States The
   Act of Comparison, the Tendency to Forget, and the Construction of
   Difference in 1970s US-Chinese Scientific Exchange
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID PEST-MANAGEMENT; COLD-WAR; SCIENCE
AB In 1975, a delegation of U.S. entomologists traveled to socialist China to observe Chinese insect control science. Their overwhelmingly positive reports highlighted in relief the pernicious effects of pesticide corporations on U.S. agriculture; some entomologists hoped this would goad the United States to catch up to China in environmentally sensible insect control practices. Of course, insect control in socialist China carried its own political baggage, some of which-for example, mass mobilization and self-reliance-the state made highly visible to visitors, and some of which-for example, harsh treatment of scientists-it sought to obscure. For both the U.S. and the Chinese participants, the act of comparison itself was of primary significance in the exchange, allowing them to construct socialist Chinese science as refreshingly different from U.S. science. At the same time, however, this construction of difference meant forgetting the much longer transnational history in which U.S. and Chinese entomology had been intertwined.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Hist, Amherst, MA 01060 USA.
RP Schmalzer, S (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Hist, Amherst, MA 01060 USA.
EM sigrid@history.umass.edu
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PT J
AU Phalkey, J
AF Phalkey, Jahnavi
TI FOCUS: SCIENCE, HISTORY, AND MODERN INDIA Introduction
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Histories of science in India are revisitations of the colonial question. Science is ideology to be unraveled and exposed-as modernity and progress making or violence and oppression making-depending on where you stand on the interpretive spectrum. It has been seen as ideologically driven practice, as a mode of knowledge production whose history is inseparable from the social and political uses to which it is tethered. In the colonial as well as the postcolonial context, science and technology have been seen as the "ideology of empire," "tools of empire," "tentacles of progress," and "reasons of state." Yet science and technology are practices and bodies of knowledge that inhabitants of the subcontinent have engaged with enthusiasm, that they have used to invent themselves in their global, national, and individual lives. We know remarkably little about the histories of these complex engagements. A departure from current historiographical preoccupations is called for to map and explain the lives, institutions, practices, and stories of science on the subcontinent as they connect with, and where they break away from, the world at large.
C1 Kings Coll London, Kings India Inst, London WC2R 2LS, England.
RP Phalkey, J (reprint author), Kings Coll London, Kings India Inst, London WC2R 2LS, England.
EM jahnavi.phalkey@kcl.ac.uk
FU King's India Institute, King's College, London
FX I want to thank Bernard Lightman for inviting me to organize this Focus
   section and for remaining in conversation through the process. We want
   collectively to thank participants in the workshop on the topic of this
   section funded by the King's India Institute, King's College, London,
   especially Sabine Clarke, Anna Maerker, Nilanjan Sarkar, and Simon
   Werrett. Personally, I have benefited from discussions with Jon Agar,
   David Arnold, David Edgerton, Sarah Hodges, Ludmilla Jordanova, John
   Krige, Dhruv Raina, Kapil Raj, Mahesh Rangarajan, Grace Shen, Asif
   Siddiqi, Nasir Tyabji, Jon Wilson, Roland Wittje, and, finally, the
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PT J
AU Raj, K
AF Raj, Kapil
TI Beyond Postcolonialism ... and Postpositivism Circulation and the Global
   History of Science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID KNOWLEDGE
AB This essay traces the parallel, but unrelated, evolution of two sets of reactions to traditional idealist history of science in a world-historical context. While the scholars who fostered the postcolonial approach, in dealing with modern science in the non-West, espoused an idealist vision, they nevertheless stressed its political and ideological underpinnings and engaged with the question of its putative Western roots. The postidealist history of science developed its own vision with respect to the question of the global spread of modern science, paying little heed to postcolonial debates. It then proposes a historiographical approach developed in large part by historians of South Asian politics, economics, and science that, without compromising the preoccupations of each of the two groups, could help construct a mutually comprehensible and connected framework for the understanding of the global workings of the sciences.
C1 Ecole Hautes Etud Sci Sociales, Ctr Alexandre Koyre, F-75006 Paris, France.
RP Raj, K (reprint author), Ecole Hautes Etud Sci Sociales, Ctr Alexandre Koyre, 105 Blvd Raspail, F-75006 Paris, France.
CR Achar B. N. Narahari, 2000, INDIAN J HIST SCI, V35, P1
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 172YW
UT WOS:000321044500007
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PT J
AU Ganeri, J
AF Ganeri, Jonardon
TI Well-Ordered Science and Indian Epistemic Cultures Toward a Polycentered
   History of Science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID MODERNITIES
AB This essay defends the view that "modern science," as with modernity in general, is a polycentered phenomenon, something that appears in different forms at different times and places. It begins with two ideas about the nature of rational scientific inquiry: Karin Knorr Cetina's idea of "epistemic cultures," and Philip Kitcher's idea of science as "a system of public knowledge," such knowledge as would be deemed worthwhile by an ideal conversation among the whole public under conditions of mutual engagement. This account of the nature of scientific practice provides us with a new perspective from which to understand key elements in the philosophical project of Jaina logicians in the seventh, eighth, and ninth centuries C. E. Jaina theory seems exceptionally well targeted onto two of the key constituents in the ideal conversation-the classification of all human points of view and the representation of end states of the deliberative process. The Buddhist theory of the Kathavatthu contributes to Indian epistemic culture in a different way: by supplying a detailed theory of how human dialogical standpoints can be revised in the ideal conversation, an account of the phenomenon Kitcher labels "tutoring." Thus science in India has its own history, one that should be studied in comparison and contrast with the history of science in Europe. In answer to Joseph Needham, it was not 'modern science' which failed to develop in India or China but rather non-well-ordered science, science as unconstrained by social value and democratic consent. What I argue is that this is not a deficit in the civilisational histories of these countries, but a virtue.
C1 [Ganeri, Jonardon] Univ Sussex, Dept Philosophy, Brighton BN1 9QN, E Sussex, England.
   [Ganeri, Jonardon] Kyung Hee Univ, Dept Philosophy, Seoul 130701, South Korea.
   [Ganeri, Jonardon] Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, Ctr Philosophy, Sch Social Sci, New Delhi 11067, India.
RP Ganeri, J (reprint author), Univ Sussex, Dept Philosophy, Brighton BN1 9QN, E Sussex, England.
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PT J
AU Arnold, D
AF Arnold, David
TI Nehruvian Science and Postcolonial India
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This essay uses the seminal figure of Jawaharlal Nehru to interrogate the nature and representation of science in modern India. The problem posed by Nehruvian science-the conflict between (yet simultaneity of) science as both universal phenomenon and local effect-lies at the heart of current debates about what science means for the non-West. The problematic of Nehruvian science can be accessed through Nehru's own speeches and writings, but also through the wider project of science with which he identified-critiquing colonialism, forging India's place in the modern world, marrying intellectual endeavor with practical nation building. The essay makes a case for looking at Nehruvian science as a way of structuring the problem of postcolonial science, particularly in relation to understanding the authority of science and its evaluation in terms of its capacity to deliver socioeconomic change.
C1 Univ Warwick, Dept Hist, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
RP Arnold, D (reprint author), Univ Warwick, Dept Hist, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
EM d.arnold@warwick.ac.uk
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PT J
AU Chowdhury, I
AF Chowdhury, Indira
TI A Historian among Scientists Reflections on Archiving the History of
   Science in Postcolonial India
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB How might we overcome the lack of archival resources while doing the history of science in India? Offering reflections on the nature of archival resources that could be collected for scientific institutions and the need for new interpretative tools with which to understand these resources, this essay argues for the use of oral history in order to understand the practices of science in the postcolonial context. The oral history of science can become a tool with which to understand the hidden interactions between the world of scientific institutions and the larger world of the postcolonial nation.
C1 Srishti Sch Art Design & Technol, Ctr Publ Hist, Bangalore 560106, Karnataka, India.
RP Chowdhury, I (reprint author), Srishti Sch Art Design & Technol, Ctr Publ Hist, POB 6430, Bangalore 560106, Karnataka, India.
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 172YW
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ER

PT J
AU Farish, M
AF Farish, Matthew
TI The Lab and the Land Overcoming the Arctic in Cold War Alaska
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR; BIKINI ATOLL; SCIENCE; GEOGRAPHY;
   PROGRAM; HISTORY; ESKIMOS; CANADA; ENERGY; NORTH
AB The militarization of Alaska during and after World War II created an extraordinary set of new facilities. But it also reshaped the imaginative role of Alaska as a hostile environment, where an antagonistic form of nature could be defeated with the appropriate combination of technology and training. One of the crucial sites for this reformulation was the Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory, based at Ladd Air Force Base in Fairbanks. In the first two decades of the Cold War, its employees conducted numerous experiments on acclimatization and survival. The laboratory is now best known for an infamous set of tests involving the application of radioactive tracers to indigenous Alaskans-experiments publicized by post-Cold War panels established to evaluate the tragic history of atomic-era human subject research. But little else has been written about the laboratory's relationship with the populations and landscapes that it targeted for study. This essay presents the laboratory as critical to Alaska's history and the history of the Cold War sciences. A consideration of the laboratory's various projects also reveals a consistent fascination with race. Alaskan Natives were enrolled in experiments because their bodies were understood to hold clues to the mysteries of northern nature. A scientific solution would aid American military campaigns not only in Alaska, but in cold climates everywhere.
C1 [Farish, Matthew] Univ Toronto, Dept Geog, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
   [Farish, Matthew] Univ Toronto, Program Planning, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
RP Farish, M (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Geog, 5047-100 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
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NR 151
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 2013
VL 104
IS 1
BP 1
EP 29
DI 10.1086/669881
PG 29
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 123JO
UT WOS:000317384900001
ER

PT J
AU Opitz, DL
AF Opitz, Donald L.
TI "A Triumph of Brains over Brute" Women and Science at the Horticultural
   College, Swanley, 1890-1910
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID IMPERIALISM; BATESON,WILLIAM; EDUCATION; SUPPORT; ENGLAND
AB The founding of Britain's first horticultural college in 1889 advanced a scientific and coeducational response to three troubling national concerns: a major agricultural depression; the economic distress of single, unemployed women; and imperatives to develop the colonies. Buoyed by the technical instruction and women's movements, the Horticultural College and Produce Company, Limited, at Swanley, Kent, crystallized a transformation in the horticultural profession in which new science-based, formalized study threatened an earlier emphasis on practical apprenticeship training, with the effect of opening male-dominated trades to women practitioners. By 1903, the college closed its doors to male students, and new pathways were forged for women students interested in pursuing further scientific study. Resistance to the Horticultural College's model of science-based women's horticultural education positioned science and women as contested subjects throughout this period of horticulture's expansion in the academy.
C1 Depaul Univ, Sch New Learning, Chicago, IL 60604 USA.
RP Opitz, DL (reprint author), Depaul Univ, Sch New Learning, 1 East Jackson Blvd, Chicago, IL 60604 USA.
EM dopitz@depaul.edu
FU DePaul University Research Council; Institute for Nature and Culture
FX This essay had its origins in a paper presented at the annual meeting of
   the North American Conference on British Studies in Denver, Colorado,
   7-9 October 2005, and the direction of my research was strongly
   influenced by the audience's questions and Anna Clark's commentary, for
   which I am grateful. For helpful suggestions and conversations during my
   research, I thank Sally Horrocks, Joan Huffman, Toby Musgrave, Marsha
   Richmond, Anne Secord, and Jane S. Smith. For generous assistance in
   archives and libraries, I thank Anne Barrett (Imperial College
   Archives), Sian Phelps (formerly at Imperial College Library at Wye),
   Elizabeth Davies (Swanley Town Council), Esme Hodge (Woman's Institute
   of Hextable and Swanley), Janet Rose (North West Kent Family History
   Society), Michele Losse (formerly at the Archives, Royal Botanic
   Gardens, Kew), Liz Allsopp (Rothamsted Research Library and Archives),
   and the collections staff of the Women's Library, London Metropolitan
   University. For assistance, travel companionship, and encouragement in
   the project's latest stages, I am indebted to Clifton McReynolds. For
   helpful advice on the manuscript, I thank the three anonymous referees
   and the Editor of Isis. Research funding from the DePaul University
   Research Council (2007) and the Institute for Nature and Culture (2009)
   is gratefully acknowledged. I thank Anne Barrett, Imperial College
   Archivist and Corporate Records Manager, for permission to quote from
   unpublished sources among the Swanley Papers, which are on permanent
   loan at the Hextable Heritage Centre, Swanley Town Council.
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NR 166
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 2013
VL 104
IS 1
BP 30
EP 62
DI 10.1086/669882
PG 33
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 123JO
UT WOS:000317384900002
ER

PT J
AU Sattar, A
AF Sattar, Atia
TI The Aesthetics of Laboratory Inscription Claude Bernard's Cahier Rouge
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID BERNARD,CLAUDE; PHYSIOLOGY; DISCOVERY
AB This essay explores the aesthetic sensibilities of the French physiologist Claude Bernard (1813-1878). In particular, it analyzes the Cahier Rouge (1850-1860), Bernard's acclaimed laboratory notebook. In this notebook, Bernard articulates the range of his experience as an experimental physiologist, juxtaposing without differentiation details of laboratory procedure and more personal queries, doubts, and reflections on experimentation, life, and art. Bernard's insights, it is argued, offer an aesthetic and phenomenological template for considering experimentation. His physiological point of view ranges from his own bodily aesthesis or sensory perception, through personal reflections on scientific discovery as an artistic process, to a broader metaphysical conception of life as an artistic creation. Such an aesthetic approach to physiology enables Bernard to reconcile his empirical methodology and his romantic idealism; it offers the history of laboratory science a framework for considering the individual, bodily, and emotional labor inherent in physiological experimentation.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Comparat Literature, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
RP Sattar, A (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Comparat Literature, 231 Burrowes Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
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PY 2013
VL 104
IS 1
BP 63
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 123JO
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ER

PT J
AU Alder, K
AF Alder, Ken
TI The History of Science as Oxymoron From Scientific Exceptionalism to
   Episcience
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This essay argues that historians of science who seek to embody our oxymoronic self-description must confront both contradictory terms that define our common enterprise-that is, both "history" and "science." On the history/methods side, it suggests that we embrace the heterogeneity of our institutional arrangements and repudiate the homogeneous disciplinary model sometimes advocated by Thomas Kuhn and followed by art history. This implies that rather than treating the history of science as an end in itself, we consider it a means to a variety of historical ends, think of ourselves as a tool-making community, and jettison moralistic assertions of scientific exceptionalism. To do so, this essay argues-on the science/subject side-that we rebrand the subject of our historical inquiry as "episcience," a neologism that stands in relation to "science" as the new field of epigenetics does to the old genetics. Episcience encompasses both the material activities of the relevant sciences and their "surround" (environment, milieu, Umgebung) to reframe knowledge making to include the material processes that put science " in play" and make its findings matter beyond science. The essay concludes that " the history of science" is an oxymoron that makes sense to the extent that its practitioners acknowledge that the history of science is important not just because science is important, but because its history is.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Hist, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
RP Alder, K (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Hist, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
FU Guggenheim Foundation
FX The proximate external conditions that produced this essay begin with
   Bernie Lightman inviting me to rewrite a talk I gave at the 2007
   retirement symposium for Everett Mendelsohn, who signed off on my
   dissertation in Harvard's Department of the History of Science in 1991.
   Some of the ideas developed in this essay go back to my earliest
   lectures at Northwestern University and to an essay entitled "The
   History of Science," solicited by my colleague Sarah Maza for A
   Companion to Western Historical Thought (ed. Lloyd Kramer and Maza
   [London: Blackwell, 2002], pp. 297-318). I am grateful to these students
   and colleagues for their attention and criticism. For the more recent
   portions of the essay, I thank several good friends (who are also good
   colleagues!) for close readings and lively conversations: Angela
   Creager, Steve Epstein, Mike Fortun, Myles Jackson, Tania Munz, Claudia
   Swan, and John Tresch. Their orthogonal tugs have made this a better
   essay; needless to say, this does not mean that they endorse anything I
   say. I also thank the Guggenheim Foundation for sponsoring my academic
   leave in New York in 2010/2011.
CR Alder Ken, 2010, ENG REVOLUTION ARMS
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PT J
AU Nappi, C
AF Nappi, Carla
TI The Global and Beyond Adventures in the Local Historiographies of
   Science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID HISTORY-OF-SCIENCE
AB As we strive for a more polyvocal history of science, historians have placed increasing emphasis on local case studies as a way to globalize the field. This tension between the local and the global extends to the practice as well as the content of the history of science, as the field has begun to pay more attention not just to local case studies, but also to local cultures of historiography. Many historians of science want multiple historiographical voices that take seriously the concerns and literatures in different linguistic and national contexts. As more journals urge translation into what are perceived as the dominant languages in "global" humanities discourses and scholars are encouraged to facilitate the Englishing of their historical research, many questions remain: In what ways does it make sense to nationalize or culturally locate individual cultures of the history of science? Is translation a democratic and positive force in the discipline, and/or does it kill local difference? Will it continue to be meaningful to talk about the history of science? A collective dialogue within the field depends on finding a way to take local diversity in historiography and epistemology seriously while translating that local difference into a meaningful common conversation. This essay considers the challenges of embracing multiple ways of knowing that might fall under the purview of the history of science, while wondering what that means for the coherence of the field as we move forward into the next century of work in Isis.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Hist, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
RP Nappi, C (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Hist, 1873 East Mall Room 1297, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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PT J
AU Lehoux, D
AF Lehoux, Daryn
TI Ancient Science in a Digital Age
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM
AB Technology is rapidly changing our understanding of ancient science. New methods of visualization are bringing to light important texts we could not previously read; changes in online publishing are allowing unprecedented access to difficult-to-find materials; and online mapping tools are offering new pictures of lost spaces, connectivities, and physical objects.
C1 Queens Univ, Dept Class, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
RP Lehoux, D (reprint author), Queens Univ, Dept Class, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
CR Bulow-Jacobsen Adam, 2008, Z PAPYROLOG EPIGRAPH, V165, P175
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PT J
AU Laubichler, MD
   Maienschein, J
   Renn, J
AF Laubichler, Manfred D.
   Maienschein, Jane
   Renn, Juergen
TI Computational Perspectives in the History of Science To the Memory of
   Peter Damerow
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Computational methods and perspectives can transform the history of science by enabling the pursuit of novel types of questions, dramatically expanding the scale of analysis (geographically and temporally), and offering novel forms of publication that greatly enhance access and transparency. This essay presents a brief summary of a computational research system for the history of science, discussing its implications for research, education, and publication practices and its connections to the open-access movement and similar transformations in the natural and social sciences that emphasize big data. It also argues that computational approaches help to reconnect the history of science to individual scientific disciplines.
C1 [Laubichler, Manfred D.; Maienschein, Jane] Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   [Laubichler, Manfred D.; Maienschein, Jane] Marine Biol Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   [Laubichler, Manfred D.] Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
   [Renn, Juergen] Max Planck Inst Hist Sci, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
RP Laubichler, MD (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
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   Cuny Jan, 2010, IN PRESS
   McKinsey Global Institute's, BIG DAT NEXT FRONT I
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   Wing JM, 2006, COMMUN ACM, V49, P33, DOI 10.1145/1118178.1118215
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NR 9
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PT J
AU Nyhart, LK
AF Nyhart, Lynn K.
TI The Shape of the History of Science Profession, 2038 A Prospective
   Retrospective
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Presented as a retrospective speech by the president of the History of Science Society in 2038, this essay imagines a future for the profession of the history of science in the United States. Acknowledging that self-described historians of science do not fully control the subject, it considers the place of the history of science in a future university landscape in which interdisciplinary "studies" have supplanted disciplines as the fundamental organizing structure. It then situates this academic scene within a broader professional landscape in which nonuniversity institutions play an expanded role in bringing the history of science directly to the public. Here the essay focuses on an imagined Science Heritage Center that blends commitments to innovative scholarly research, public history techniques of experiential learning, and updated technologies of virtual reality. It further suggests an unexpected direction for developing a collaborative "citizen history of science."
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hist Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
RP Nyhart, LK (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hist Sci, 1225 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM lknyhart@wisc.edu
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 123JO
UT WOS:000317384900009
ER

PT J
AU Dawson, G
AF Dawson, Gowan
TI Paleontology in Parts Richard Owen, William John Broderip, and the
   Serialization of Science in Early Victorian Britain
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB While a great deal of scholarly attention has been given to the publication of serialized novels in early Victorian Britain, there has been hardly any consideration of the no less widespread practice of issuing scientific works in parts and numbers. What scholarship there has been has insisted that scientific part-works operated on entirely different principles from the strategies for maintaining readerly interest that were being developed by serial novelists like Charles Dickens. Deploying the methods of book history, this essay examines the reporting of Richard Owen's celebrated paleontological reconstructions from the 1830s and 1840s in the serialized formats of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, his own History of British Fossil Mammals, and, in particular, the Penny Cyclopaedia. It argues that Owen, along with his close friend William John Broderip, clearly recognized the affective possibilities of the serial format and that they exploited the Penny Cyclopaedia's sequential mode of publication to evoke suspense and expectation in their anonymous but collaboratively authored accounts of Owen's paleontological researches.
C1 [Dawson, Gowan] Univ Leicester, Sch English, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
   [Dawson, Gowan] Univ Leicester, Victorian Studies Ctr, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
RP Dawson, G (reprint author), Univ Leicester, Sch English, Univ Rd, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
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PY 2012
VL 103
IS 4
BP 637
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 088IM
UT WOS:000314827500001
ER

PT J
AU Jutte, D
AF Juette, Daniel
TI Trading in Secrets Jews and the Early Modern Quest for Clandestine
   Knowledge
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This essay explores the significance and function of secrecy and secret sciences in Jewish-Christian relations and in Jewish culture in the early modern period. It shows how the trade in clandestine knowledge and the practice of secret sciences became a complex, sometimes hazardous space for contact between Jews and Christians. By examining this trade, the essay clarifies the role of secrecy in the early modern marketplace of knowledge. The attribution of secretiveness to Jews was a widespread topos in early modern European thought. However, relatively little is known about the implications of such beliefs in science or in daily life. The essay pays special attention to the fact that trade in secret knowledge frequently offered Jews a path to the center of power, especially at court. Furthermore, it becomes clear that the practice of secret sciences, the trade in clandestine knowledge, and a mercantile agenda were often inextricably interwoven. Special attention is paid to the Italian-Jewish alchemist, engineer, and entrepreneur Abramo Colorni (ca. 1544-1599), whose career illustrates the opportunities provided by the marketplace of secrets at that time. Much scholarly (and less scholarly) attention has been devoted to whether and what Jews "contributed" to what is commonly called the "Scientific Revolution." This essay argues that the question is misdirected and that, instead, we should pay more attention to the distinctive opportunities offered by the early modern economy of secrecy.
C1 Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Jutte, D (reprint author), Harvard Univ, 78 Mt Auburn St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
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NR 127
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD DEC
PY 2012
VL 103
IS 4
BP 668
EP 686
DI 10.1086/668962
PG 19
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 088IM
UT WOS:000314827500002
ER

PT J
AU Lienesch, M
AF Lienesch, Michael
TI Abandoning Evolution The Forgotten History of Antievolution Activism and
   the Transformation of American Social Science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB From its inception, antievolution activism has been aimed not only at the natural sciences but also, and almost as often, at the social sciences. Although almost entirely overlooked by scholars, this activism played a significant part in the development of American social science in the early twentieth century. Analyzing public writings and private papers of antievolution activists, academic social scientists, and university officials from the 1920s, this essay recalls this forgotten history, showing how antievolution activism contributed to the abandonment of evolutionary theory and the adoption of a set of secular, scientific, and professional characteristics that have come to define much of modern social science.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Polit Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
RP Lienesch, M (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Polit Sci, CB 3265, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
FU University Research Council of the University of North Carolina at
   Chapel Hill
FX Research was supported by a grant from the University Research Council
   of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
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NR 170
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD DEC
PY 2012
VL 103
IS 4
BP 687
EP 709
DI 10.1086/668963
PG 23
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 088IM
UT WOS:000314827500003
ER

PT J
AU Pugliano, V
AF Pugliano, Valentina
TI Specimen Lists Artisanal Writing or Natural Historical Paperwork?
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID INFORMATION OVERLOAD
AB The epistolary exchanges of early modern natural history have long been of interest to historians of science, as they reflect the dynamic nature of the emergent discipline better than the printed volumes of natural history. Less attention, at least until recently, has been paid to the unfinished pieces, the cryptic marginalia, and the practical notes that more often than not accompanied letters. Lists of specimens sent or requested were among the new tools at the naturalist's disposal for dealing with a scientific world increasingly populated by objects. This essay seeks to reconstruct the genealogy of specimen lists by focusing on little-known apothecaries in northern Italy: the individuals traditionally held to be social counterparts to these modest strings of words. It seems that the operations at the back of the shop and the literature generated by the centuries-old drug and spice trades may have been a more defining influence on early modern naturalists than the humanist practices of indexing and commonplacing that were concurrently embraced by Italian studiosi.
C1 Max Planck Inst Hist Sci, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
RP Pugliano, V (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Hist Sci, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
EM vpugliano@mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de
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NR 30
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD DEC
PY 2012
VL 103
IS 4
BP 716
EP 726
DI 10.1086/669049
PG 11
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 088IM
UT WOS:000314827500005
ER

PT J
AU Keller, V
AF Keller, Vera
TI The "New World of Sciences" The Temporality of the Research Agenda and
   the Unending Ambitions of Science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID DESIDERATA
AB Lists foreground multiplicity: both of objects to be pursued and, for distant objects, of far-flung networks enabling their pursuit. The future-oriented or projective list stretches such networks not only around the world but forward through time. Research agendas are one kind of future-oriented, projective list. Sketching how such lists have functioned over time, from Francis Bacon's "The New World of Sciences, or Desiderata" to today's desiderata lists, suggests how an early modern model of imperial expansion has shaped, in unintended ways, a scientific rhetoric of collaborative advance on shared targets.
C1 Univ Oregon, Robert D Clark Honors Coll, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
RP Keller, V (reprint author), Univ Oregon, Robert D Clark Honors Coll, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
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NR 51
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
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J9 ISIS
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PY 2012
VL 103
IS 4
BP 727
EP 734
DI 10.1086/669047
PG 8
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 088IM
UT WOS:000314827500006
ER

PT J
AU Delbourgo, J
AF Delbourgo, James
TI Listing People
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Historians and commentators have long discussed tensions between specialist and lay expertise in the making of scientific knowledge. Such accounts have often described quarrels over the distribution of expertise in nineteenth-century "popular" and imperial sciences. The "crowdsourcing" of science on a global scale, however, arguably began in the early modern era. This essay examines the lists of specimen suppliers, the artifacts of a worldwide collecting campaign, published by the London apothecary James Petiver at the turn of the eighteenth century. Listing suppliers helped Petiver advertise his status as a global specimen broker in the Republic of Letters. However, publicly listing his sources drew criticism over the social character of his collecting project, while lists became synonymous with the debasement of learning in polemics over natural history.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Hist, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
RP Delbourgo, J (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Hist, 16 Seminary Pl, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
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NR 50
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
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VL 103
IS 4
BP 735
EP 742
DI 10.1086/669046
PG 8
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 088IM
UT WOS:000314827500007
ER

PT J
AU Muller-Wille, S
   Charmantier, I
AF Mueller-Wille, Staffan
   Charmantier, Isabelle
TI Lists as Research Technologies
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) is famous for having turned botany into a systematic discipline, through his classification systems-most notably the sexual system-and his nomenclature. Throughout his life, Linnaeus experimented with various paper technologies designed to display information synoptically. The list took pride of place among these and is also the common element of more complex representations he produced, such as genera descriptions and his "natural system." Taking clues from the anthropology of writing, this essay seeks to demonstrate that lists can be considered as genuine research technologies. They possess a potential to generate research problems of their own but also pose limitations to inquiries that can be overcome only by the use of new media.
C1 [Mueller-Wille, Staffan; Charmantier, Isabelle] Univ Exeter, Coll Humanities, Exeter EX4 4RJ, Devon, England.
RP Muller-Wille, S (reprint author), Univ Exeter, Coll Humanities, Amory Bldg,Rennes Dr, Exeter EX4 4RJ, Devon, England.
FU Wellcome Trust [087231]
FX Research for this essay was generously supported by a Wellcome Trust
   Research Project Grant (no. 087231). We would also like to thank James
   Delbourgo and Bernie Lightman for critical input.
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NR 36
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PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD DEC
PY 2012
VL 103
IS 4
BP 743
EP 752
DI 10.1086/669048
PG 10
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 088IM
UT WOS:000314827500008
ER

PT J
AU Cantor, G
AF Cantor, Geoffrey
TI Science, Providence, and Progress at the Great Exhibition
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The Great Exhibition of 1851 is generally interpreted as a thoroughly secular event that celebrated progress in science, technology, and industry. In contrast to this perception, however, the exhibition was viewed by many contemporaries as a religious event of considerable importance. Although some religious commentators were highly critical of the exhibition and condemned the display of artifacts in the Crystal Palace as giving succor to materialism, others incorporated science and technology into their religious frameworks. Drawing on sermons, tracts, and the religious periodical press, this essay pays close attention to the ways in which science and technology were endowed with providentialist significance and particularly examines the notion of human progress used by a number of Christian writers, especially Congregationalists, who set scientific and technological progress within a teleological religious perspective. This discussion sheds fresh light not only on the Great Exhibition itself but also on the deployment of natural theology in mid-nineteenth-century Britain.
C1 [Cantor, Geoffrey] Univ Leeds, Ctr Hist & Philosophy Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   [Cantor, Geoffrey] UCL, Dept Sci & Technol Studies, London WC1E 6BT, England.
RP Cantor, G (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Ctr Hist & Philosophy Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
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PY 2012
VL 103
IS 3
BP 439
EP 459
DI 10.1086/667968
PG 21
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 036PI
UT WOS:000311040100001
ER

PT J
AU Rieppel, L
AF Rieppel, Lukas
TI Bringing Dinosaurs Back to Life Exhibiting Prehistory at the American
   Museum of Natural History
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This essay examines the exhibition of dinosaurs at the American Museum of Natural History during the first two decades of the twentieth century. Dinosaurs provide an especially illuminating lens through which to view the history of museum display practices for two reasons: they made for remarkably spectacular exhibits; and they rested on contested theories about the anatomy, life history, and behavior of long-extinct animals to which curators had no direct observational access. The American Museum sought to capitalize on the popularity of dinosaurs while mitigating the risks of mounting an overtly speculative display by fashioning them into a kind of mixed-media installation made of several elements, including fossilized bone, shellac, iron, and plaster. The resulting sculptures provided visitors with a vivid and lifelike imaginative experience. At the same time, curators, who were anxious to downplay the speculative nature of mounted dinosaurs, drew systematic attention to the material connection that tied individual pieces of fossilized bone to the actual past. Freestanding dinosaurs can therefore be read to have functioned as iconic sculptures that self-consciously advertised their indexical content.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sci Ctr 371, Dept Hist Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Rieppel, L (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sci Ctr 371, Dept Hist Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
FU NSF
FX Numerous friends and colleagues have provided helpful feedback and
   advice during the preparation of this essay. I would especially like to
   thank Mario Biagioli, Jeremy Blatter, Janet Browne, Arnon Levy, Harriet
   Ritvo, Hanna Shell, and Alister Sponsel. I would also like to thank
   audiences at the 2009 meeting of the History of Science Society in
   Pittsburgh and the 2011 meeting of the ISHPSSB in Salt Lake City. In
   addition, the recommendations of three anonymous referees and Bernard
   Lightman at Isis led to substantial improvements in the manuscript.
   Finally, I would like to acknowledge an outstanding staff of librarians
   and archivists at the American Museum of Natural History, especially
   Susan Bell, Barbara Mathe, Mai Qaraman, and Gregory Raml. Research for
   this article was supported by an NSF Doctoral Dissertation Improvement
   Grant.
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NR 155
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD SEP
PY 2012
VL 103
IS 3
BP 460
EP 490
DI 10.1086/667969
PG 31
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 036PI
UT WOS:000311040100002
ER

PT J
AU Siraisi, NG
AF Siraisi, Nancy G.
TI Medicine, 1450-1620, and the History of Science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID RENAISSANCE
AB History of science and history of medicine are today largely organized as distinct disciplines, though ones widely recognized as interrelated. Attempts to evaluate the extent and nature of their relation have reached varying conclusions, depending in part on the historical period under consideration. This essay examines some characteristics of European medicine from the fifteenth to the early seventeenth century and considers their relevance for the history of science. Attention is given to the range of interests and activities of individuals trained in or practicing medicine, to the impact of changes in natural philosophy, to the role of observation, description, and accumulation of information, and to the exchange of knowledge among the medical community.
C1 CUNY, Grad Ctr, New York, NY 10016 USA.
RP Siraisi, NG (reprint author), CUNY, Grad Ctr, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA.
EM nsiraisi@gc.cuny.edu
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NR 111
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
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PY 2012
VL 103
IS 3
BP 491
EP 514
DI 10.1086/667970
PG 24
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 036PI
UT WOS:000311040100003
ER

PT J
AU Alexander, JK
AF Alexander, Jennifer Karns
TI Thinking Again about Science in Technology
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB How to characterize the relationship between science and technology has been a sensitive issue for historians of technology. This essay uses a recent and controversial piece by Paul Forman as a springboard for reexamining the concept of applied science and asks whether "applied science" remains a useful term. Scholars have often taken "applied science" to mean the subordination of technological knowledge to scientific knowledge-and thus the subordination of history of technology to history of science. This essay argues that the historical moment for sensitivity on the subject of applied science has passed, that even in instances where technology can accurately be described as subordinate to science it need not follow that its history is subordinate, and that the concept can be useful in addressing issues in the history and contemporary practice of engineering education.
C1 [Alexander, Jennifer Karns] Univ Minnesota, Dept Mech Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   [Alexander, Jennifer Karns] Univ Minnesota, Program Hist Sci Technol & Med, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
RP Alexander, JK (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Mech Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
EM jalexand@me.umn.edu
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NR 29
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
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DI 10.1086/667975
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 036PI
UT WOS:000311040100005
ER

PT J
AU Lucier, P
AF Lucier, Paul
TI The Origins of Pure and Applied Science in Gilded Age America
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID 19TH-CENTURY AMERICA; HISTORY
AB "Pure science" and "applied science" have peculiar histories in the United States. Both terms were in use in the early part of the nineteenth century, but it was only in the last decades that they took on new meanings and became commonplace in the discourse of American scientists. The rise in their currency reflected an acute concern about the corruption of character and the real possibilities of commercializing scientific knowledge. "Pure" was the preference of scientists who wanted to emphasize their nonpecuniary motives and their distance from the marketplace. "Applied" was the choice of scientists who accepted patents and profits as other possible returns on their research. In general, the frequent conjoining of "pure" and "applied" bespoke the inseparable relations of science and capitalism in the Gilded Age.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Hist, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
RP Lucier, P (reprint author), Brown Univ, Dept Hist, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
EM Paul_Lucier@brown.edu
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NR 43
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PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
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VL 103
IS 3
BP 527
EP 536
DI 10.1086/667976
PG 10
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 036PI
UT WOS:000311040100006
ER

PT J
AU Bud, R
AF Bud, Robert
TI "Applied Science" A Phrase in Search of a Meaning
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The term "applied science," as it came to be popularly used in the 1870s, was a hybrid of three earlier concepts. The phrase "applied science" itself had been coined by Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1817, translating the German Kantian term "angewandte Wissenschaft." It was popularized through the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, which was structured on principles inherited from Coleridge and edited by men with sympathetic views. Their concept of empirical as opposed to a priori science was hybridized with an earlier English concept of "practical science" and with "science applied to the arts," adopted from the French. Charles Dupin had favored the latter concept and promoted it in the reconstruction of the Conservatoire Nationale des Arts et Metiers. The process of hybridization took place from the 1850s, in the wake of the Great Exhibition, as a new technocratic government favored scientific education. "Applied science" subsequently was used as the epistemic basis for technical education and the formation of new colleges in the 1870s.
C1 Sci Museum London, London SW7 2DD, England.
RP Bud, R (reprint author), Sci Museum London, Exhibit Rd, London SW7 2DD, England.
EM Robert.bud@sciencemuseum.org.uk
FU Science Museum, London; Arts and Humanities Research Council
   [AH/I027177/1]
FX Science Museum, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2DD, United Kingdom;
   Robert.bud@sciencemuseum.org.uk. In all my work on applied science I am
   indebted to past collaborative conversations with Gerrylynn K. Roberts.
   Recent research has been conducted with support from the Science Museum,
   London, and from the Arts and Humanities Research Council, grant no.
   AH/I027177/1. I am grateful for comments of audiences at meetings of the
   History of Science Society and the British Society for the History of
   Science and those of participants in seminars organized by the project
   "Owning and Disowning Invention: Intellectual Property, Authority, and
   Identity in British Science and Technology, 1880-1920," 2007-2010.
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
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PY 2012
VL 103
IS 3
BP 537
EP 545
DI 10.1086/667977
PG 9
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 036PI
UT WOS:000311040100007
ER

PT J
AU Gooday, G
AF Gooday, Graeme
TI "Vague and Artificial" The Historically Elusive Distinction between Pure
   and Applied Science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID OF-SCIENCE; TECHNOLOGY; SCIENTISTS; WAR
AB This essay argues for the historicity of applied science as a contested category within laissez-faire Victorian British science. This distinctively pre-twentieth-century notion of applied science as a self-sustaining, autonomous enterprise was thrown into relief from the 1880s by a campaign on the part of T. H. Huxley and his followers to promote instead the primacy of "pure" science. Their attempt to relegate applied science to secondary status involved radically reconfiguring it as the mere application of pre-existing pure science. This new notion of extrinsically funded pure science that would produce only contingently future social benefits as a mere by-product came under pressure during World War I, when military priorities focused attention once again on science for immediate utility. This threatened the Cambridge-based promoters of self-referential pure science who collectively published Science and the Nation in 1917. Yet most contributors to this work discussed forms of "applied" science that had no prior "pure" form. Even the U.K.'s leading government scientist, Lord Moulton, dismissed the book's provocative distinction between pure and applied science as unhelpfully "vague and artificial."
C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Philosophy Relig & Hist Sci, Ctr Hist & Philosophy Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
RP Gooday, G (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Sch Philosophy Relig & Hist Sci, Ctr Hist & Philosophy Sci, Michael Sadler Bldg, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
EM G.J.N.Gooday@leeds.ac.uk
FU AHRC
FX This essay derives from an AHRC-funded project, "Owning and Disowning
   Invention: Intellectual Property, Authority, and Identity in British
   Science and Technology, 1880-1920," 2007-2010. I am particularly
   grateful for comments from project colleagues Stathis Arapostathis,
   Christine MacLeod, and Greg Radick and for invaluable feedback from
   Robert Bud, Bernard Lightman, and Paul Lucier.
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 036PI
UT WOS:000311040100008
ER

PT J
AU Schatzberg, E
AF Schatzberg, Eric
TI From Art to Applied Science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID TECHNOLOGY
AB Before "applied science" and "technology" became keywords, the concept of art was central to discourse about material culture and its connections to natural knowledge. By the late nineteenth century, a new discourse of applied science had replaced the older discourse of art. This older discourse of art, especially as presented in Enlightenment encyclopedias, addressed the relationship between art and science in depth. But during the nineteenth century the concept of fine art gradually displaced the broader meanings of "art," thus undermining the utility of the term for discourse on the relationship between knowledge and practice. This narrowed meaning of "art" obscured key aspects of the industrial world. In effect, middle-class agents of industrialism, including "men of science," used the rhetoric of "applied science" and, later, "technology" to cement the exclusion of artisanal knowledge from the discourse of industrial modernity.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hist Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
RP Schatzberg, E (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hist Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM eschatzb@wisc.edu
FU National Science Foundation [0646788]
FX Research for this essay was supported in part by National Science
   Foundation grant no. 0646788.
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 036PI
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PT J
AU Anderson, W
AF Anderson, Warwick
TI Hybridity, Race, and Science The Voyage of the Zaca, 1934-1935
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID UNITED-STATES; CULTURE; HISTORY; MIXTURE; BIOLOGY
AB In 1929 and 1934-1935, the physical anthropologist Harry L. Shapiro voyaged in the South Seas on the Mahina-I-Te-Pua and the Zaca, measuring mixed-race islanders, including the descendants of the Bounty mutineers on Pitcairn Island. His research in Polynesian hybridity reflects the growing cultural and scientific investment of the United States in the Pacific during this period. Shapiro's oceanic adventures and intimate encounters prompted him to discount typological speculation and emphasize instead the liberal Boasian program in physical anthropology, giving him the confidence to refigure his evaluations of racial difference. The seaborne investigatory enterprise came to influence U.S. racial thought, adding impetus to the condemnation of racism in science. On his return from the South Seas, Shapiro tried to get his fellow physical anthropologists to issue a manifesto opposing the harnessing of their science to racial discrimination and prejudice.
C1 Univ Sydney, SOPHI, Dept Hist, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
RP Anderson, W (reprint author), Univ Sydney, SOPHI, Dept Hist, Quadrangle A14, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
EM wanderson@usyd.edu.au
FU U.S. National Science Foundation [SES-0720951]; Australian Research
   Council [DP-0881067]; John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
FX Bronwen Douglas and Chris Ballard persuaded me to present an earlier
   paper on the Zaca at their conference on race and oceanic encounters,
   held at the Australian National University. I am grateful to them and to
   Fae Dremock, Margaret Jolly, Hans Pols, and Charles Rosenberg, who
   commented on drafts of the essay. Cecily Hunter provided research
   assistance. Barbara Mathe (American Museum of Natural History), Danielle
   Castronovo (California Academy of Science), and Don Luce (Bell Natural
   History Museum, University of Minnesota) helped to secure the
   illustrations. I received support for this project from the U.S.
   National Science Foundation (SES-0720951), the Australian Research
   Council (DP-0881067), and a fellowship (2005-2006) from the John Simon
   Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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PT J
AU Stanley, M
AF Stanley, Matthew
TI Predicting the Past Ancient Eclipses and Airy, Newcomb, and Huxley on
   the Authority of Science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Greek historical accounts of ancient eclipses were an important, if peculiar, focus of scientific attention in the nineteenth century. Victorian-era astronomers tried to correct the classical histories using scientific methods, then used those histories as data with which to calibrate their lunar theories, then rejected the histories as having any relevance at all. The specific dating of these eclipses-apparently a simple exercise in celestial mechanics-became bound up with tensions between scientific and humanistic approaches to the past as well as with wider social debates over the power and authority of science in general. The major figures discussed here, including G. B. Airy, Simon Newcomb, and T. H. Huxley, argued that the critical question was whether science could speak authoritatively about the past. To them, the ability of science to talk about the past indicated its power to talk about the future; it was also the fulcrum of fierce boundary disputes among science, history, and religion.
C1 NYU, Gallatin Sch Individualized Study, New York, NY 10003 USA.
RP Stanley, M (reprint author), NYU, Gallatin Sch Individualized Study, 1 Washington Pl, New York, NY 10003 USA.
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NR 87
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD JUN
PY 2012
VL 103
IS 2
BP 254
EP 277
DI 10.1086/666355
PG 24
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 968DB
UT WOS:000305956100002
ER

PT J
AU Theunissen, B
AF Theunissen, Bert
TI Breeding for Nobility or for Production? Cultures of Dairy Cattle
   Breeding in the Netherlands, 1945-1995
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID MENDELISM; GENETICS; SCIENCE
AB In the 1970s and 1980s Dutch farmers replaced their dual-purpose Friesian cows with Holsteins, a highly specialized American dairy breed. The changeover was related to a major turnabout in breeding practices that involved the adoption of quantitative genetics. Dutch commercial breeders had long resisted the quantitative approach to breeding that scientists had been recommending since World War II. After about 1970, however, they gave up their resistance: the art of breeding, it was said, finally became a science. In historical overviews this turnabout is seen as part of what is called the "modernization project" in Dutch agriculture that the government instigated after the war. Economic developments are assumed to have necessitated this project, and specialization of production is seen as a natural consequence. This essay argues that the idea that the art of breeding was turned into a science is to a certain extent misleading. Furthermore, it aims to show that economic pressures and government policies cannot adequately explain the turn toward Holsteins. A better understanding can be obtained by framing the Holsteinization process as the result of a changeover in breeding culture-that is, in the ensemble of shared convictions, beliefs, conventions, methods, practices, and the like that characterized practical cattle breeding and that involved scientific, technical, economic, aesthetic, normative, and commercial considerations.
C1 [Theunissen, Bert] Univ Utrecht, Descartes Ctr Hist & Philosophy Sci & Humanities, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands.
   [Theunissen, Bert] Univ Utrecht, Inst Hist & Fdn Sci, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands.
RP Theunissen, B (reprint author), Univ Utrecht, Descartes Ctr Hist & Philosophy Sci & Humanities, POB 80-010, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM l.t.g.theunissen@uu.nl
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NR 207
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD JUN
PY 2012
VL 103
IS 2
BP 278
EP 309
DI 10.1086/666356
PG 32
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 968DB
UT WOS:000305956100003
ER

PT J
AU Andersen, C
   Bek-Thomsen, J
   Kjrgaard, PC
AF Andersen, Casper
   Bek-Thomsen, Jakob
   Kjrgaard, Peter C.
TI The Money Trail A New Historiography for Networks, Patronage, and
   Scientific Careers
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SCIENCE; KNOWLEDGE; GALILEO
AB Money is everywhere in science. Yet historians have only rarely placed the money trail at the center of their analyses. The essays in this Focus section demonstrate that following the money offers a historiographical path for investigating a number of key issues across disciplinary boundaries in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Drawing on cases and materials relating to a number of scientific fields, including electrical engineering, aeronautics, agriculture, and paleontology, the essays examine the continuous role of money in industrial and military patronage, personal connections and networks, and spatial and geographical dimensions of science, as well as in relation to state funding and ownership. Together, the contributions demonstrate how following the money offers a way of overcoming hyperprofessionalism in the history of science.
C1 [Andersen, Casper; Bek-Thomsen, Jakob; Kjrgaard, Peter C.] Aarhus Univ, Dept Culture & Soc, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
RP Andersen, C (reprint author), Aarhus Univ, Dept Culture & Soc, Jens Chr Skous Vej 7,Bldg 1465, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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NR 26
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD JUN
PY 2012
VL 103
IS 2
BP 310
EP 315
DI 10.1086/666357
PG 6
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 968DB
UT WOS:000305956100004
ER

PT J
AU Edgerton, D
AF Edgerton, David
TI Time, Money, and History
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SCIENCE; TECHNOLOGY; BRITAIN
AB This essay argues that taking the economy seriously in histories of science could not only extend the range of activities studied but also change-often quite radically-our understanding of well-known cases and instances in twentieth-century science. It shows how scientific intellectuals and historians of science have followed the money as a means of critique of particular forms of science and of particular conceptions of science. It suggests the need to go further, to a much broader implicit definition of what constitutes science-one that implies a criticism of much history of twentieth-century science for defining it implicitly and inappropriately in very restrictive ways.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Ctr Hist Sci Technol & Med, London SW7 2AZ, England.
RP Edgerton, D (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Ctr Hist Sci Technol & Med, London SW7 2AZ, England.
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NR 70
TC 0
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD JUN
PY 2012
VL 103
IS 2
BP 316
EP 327
DI 10.1086/666358
PG 12
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 968DB
UT WOS:000305956100005
ER

PT J
AU MacLeod, C
AF MacLeod, Christine
TI Reluctant Entrepreneurs Patents and State Patronage in New
   Technosciences, circa 1870-1930
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SCIENCE
AB At a time when neoliberalism and financial austerity are together encouraging academic scientists to seek market alternatives to state funding, this essay investigates why, a century ago, their predecessors explicitly rejected private enterprise and the private ownership of ideas and inventions available to them through the patent system. The early twentieth century witnessed the success of a long campaign by British scientists to persuade the state to assume responsibility for the funding of basic research ("pure science"): their findings would enter the intellectual commons; their rewards would be primarily reputational (financial only secondarily, through consequent career advancement). The essay summarizes recent research in three separate fields of British technoscience-electricity, aviation, and agricultural botany-all of which were laying claim, at this time, to a heightened commercial or military importance that raised new questions about the ownership of scientific ideas. It suggests that each of the three established an idiosyncratic relationship with the patent system or with other forms of "intellectual property," which would both influence their emergent disciplines and affect the extent to which commercial enterprise could remain a viable funding strategy.
C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Humanities, Bristol BS8 1TB, Avon, England.
RP MacLeod, C (reprint author), Univ Bristol, Sch Humanities, Bristol BS8 1TB, Avon, England.
CR Anderson J. D., 2000, ARCHIMEDES, V3, P241
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NR 44
TC 0
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD JUN
PY 2012
VL 103
IS 2
BP 328
EP 339
DI 10.1086/666359
PG 12
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 968DB
UT WOS:000305956100006
ER

PT J
AU Kjaergaard, PC
AF Kjaergaard, Peter C.
TI The Fossil Trade Paying a Price for Human Origins
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID VERTEBRATE-ZOOLOGY; PALEONTOLOGY; HISTORY; SCIENCE; MUSEUM
AB Fossils have been traded for centuries. Over the past two hundred years the market has developed into an organized enterprise, with fossils serving multiple functions as objects of scientific study, collectors' items, and investments. Finding fossils, digging them up or purchasing them, transporting, studying, and conserving them, and putting them on display was and still is expensive. Since the early nineteenth century, funding bodies, academic institutions and museums, philanthropists, dealers, collectors, amateurs, and professional paleontologists have constituted elaborate networks driven by collaboration, necessity, ambition, accolades, and capital to generate knowledge and produce geological artifacts, increasing our understanding of the natural world, advancing careers and institutions, and contributing to personal fortunes. The emergence of paleoanthropology as a scientific discipline around 1900 generated a scientific focus on the human story that was easy to sell. The scarcity of ancient human remains made it close to impossible for a commercial market to evolve, yet finding them required serious funding. Elaborate schemes for financing expeditions and excavations went hand in hand with individual aspirations, patronage, philanthropy, networks, and alliance building, as concession rights and access to sponsors were objects of regular political intrigues and often bitter disputes.
C1 Aarhus Univ, Dept Culture & Soc, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
RP Kjaergaard, PC (reprint author), Aarhus Univ, Dept Culture & Soc, Jens Chr Skous Vej 7, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
EM pck25@cam.ac.uk
FU Carlsberg Foundation [2007-01-0687, 2008-01-0513, 2009-01-0553]
FX I gratefully acknowledge comments and useful suggestions from Casper
   Andersen, Jakob Bek-Thomsen, and Bernard Lightman and inspiring
   conversations with students and colleagues at the Leverhulme Centre for
   Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge, and the Department
   of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, from 2008 to 2011.
   Research for this essay was supported by grants 2007-01-0687,
   2008-01-0513, and 2009-01-0553 from the Carlsberg Foundation.
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD JUN
PY 2012
VL 103
IS 2
BP 340
EP 355
DI 10.1086/666365
PG 16
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 968DB
UT WOS:000305956100007
ER

PT J
AU Broman, T
AF Broman, Thomas
TI Metaphysics for an Enlightened Public The Controversy over Monads in
   Germany, 1746-1748
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SPHERE; BERLIN
AB This essay analyzes the controversy that attended the prize essay question on monads proposed by the Berlin Academy of Sciences in 1746. The controversy was first touched off by an anonymous pamphlet published by the mathematician Leonhard Euler, the academy's most well known member, that attacked the doctrine of monads. It peaked with the awarding of the prize to Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi, whose winning essay closely followed Euler's arguments. This essay discusses the controversy as one instance in a broader quarrel in the German academic community over the suitability of Christian Wolff's philosophy as the foundation for a broad range of academic disciplines, including natural philosophy. It also analyzes the controversy as displaying the central role of the periodical press in the emergent German public sphere.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hist Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
RP Broman, T (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hist Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
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NR 82
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 2012
VL 103
IS 1
BP 1
EP 23
DI 10.1086/664974
PG 23
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 929MQ
UT WOS:000303069700001
ER

PT J
AU Eskildsen, KR
AF Eskildsen, Kasper Risbjerg
TI The Language of Objects Christian Jurgensen Thomsen's Science of the
   Past
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID CULTURAL SCIENCES; GERMANY; LIFE
AB The Danish amateur scholar Christian Jurgensen Thomsen has often been described as a founder of modern "scientific" archaeology. Thomsen's innovation, this essay argues, reflects developments within neighboring fields, such as philology and history. He reacted against historians who limited themselves to histories of texts and therefore abandoned the earliest human history. Instead, he proposed a new history of objects, which included the entire history of humankind. Thomsen's work as director of the Royal Museum of Nordic Antiquities in Copenhagen was especially important for this renewal. The arrangement of artifacts not only helped him formulate his theories, but also allowed him to present his arguments in a language of objects. At the same time, Thomsen's definition of archaeology as a museum science placed his branch of archaeology in a closer relationship with other museum sciences, such as geology and comparative anatomy. From the 1840s, Thomsen's museum became a model for how the study of human artifacts could deliver scientific insights into human nature and the laws of human development.
C1 Roskilde Univ, Dept Philosophy & Sci Studies, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
RP Eskildsen, KR (reprint author), Roskilde Univ, Dept Philosophy & Sci Studies, Univ Svej 1,03-1-3, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
EM eskild@ruc.dk
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 929MQ
UT WOS:000303069700002
ER

PT J
AU Solovey, M
AF Solovey, Mark
TI Senator Fred Harris's National Social Science Foundation Proposal
   Reconsidering Federal Science Policy, Natural Science-Social Science
   Relations, and American Liberalism during the 1960s
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID COLD-WAR AMERICA; REVOLUTION; SCIENTISTS; PATRONAGE
AB During the 1960s, a growing contingent of left-leaning voices claimed that the social sciences suffered mistreatment and undue constraints within the natural science-dominated federal science establishment. According to these critics, the entrenched scientific pecking order in Washington had an unreasonable commitment to the unity of the sciences, which reinforced unacceptable inequalities between the social and the natural sciences. The most important political figure who advanced this critique, together with a substantial legislative proposal for reform, was the Oklahoma Democratic Senator Fred Harris. Yet histories of science and social science have told us surprisingly little about Harris. Moreover, existing accounts of his effort to create a National Social Science Foundation have misunderstood crucial features of this story. This essay argues that Harris's NSSF proposal developed into a robust, historically unique, and increasingly critical liberal challenge to the post-World War II federal science establishment's treatment of the social sciences as "second-class citizens."
C1 Univ Toronto, Inst Hist & Philosophy Sci & Technol, Victoria Coll, Toronto, ON M5S 1K7, Canada.
RP Solovey, M (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Inst Hist & Philosophy Sci & Technol, Victoria Coll, Room 316,91 Charles St W, Toronto, ON M5S 1K7, Canada.
FU Arizona State University West; Carl Albert Center Congressional Archives
   at University of Oklahoma-Norman; Dirksen Congressional Center in Pekin,
   Illinois; National Science Foundation [9810635]; Harvard University's
   Charles Warren Center for Studies in American History; Agence Nationale
   de la Recherche (ANR)
FX It is a great pleasure to thank those who provided feedback on earlier
   versions of this essay: Howard Brick, Hamilton Cravens, Philippe
   Fontaine, Yves Gingras, Joel Isaac, Daniel Kleinman, Jefferson Pooley,
   Joy Rohde, Timothy Stanley, Marga Vicedo, Jessica Wang, and two
   anonymous referees. I also benefited from audience feedback following
   presentations for the History of Science Society, the Interuniversity
   Research Center on Science and Technology (CIRST) at the University of
   Montreal in Quebec, the Organization of American Historians, the
   University of Toronto Graduate History Symposium, the University of
   Toronto Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and
   Technology, the York University History and Theory of Psychology
   Program, the York University Science and Technology Studies Program, and
   the Workshop on History of Economics as History of Science at ENS Cachan
   et Institut Universitaire de France, Paris. The following provided
   valuable financial support for research and related expenses: Arizona
   State University West, Carl Albert Center Congressional Archives at the
   University of Oklahoma-Norman, Dirksen Congressional Center in Pekin,
   Illinois, National Science Foundation Sponsored Project Award 9810635,
   Harvard University's Charles Warren Center for Studies in American
   History, and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR). The staff
   members at the Carl Albert Center Congressional Archives, the U.S.
   National Archives, and the U.S. National Academy of Sciences Archives
   deserve thanks for facilitating my archival research.
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NR 108
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 2012
VL 103
IS 1
BP 54
EP 82
DI 10.1086/664976
PG 29
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 929MQ
UT WOS:000303069700003
ER

PT J
AU Vicedo, M
AF Vicedo, Marga
TI Introduction The Secret Lives of Textbooks
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID HIGH-SCHOOL BIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY; HISTORY; SCIENCE
AB Textbooks have a low status in the history of science because they have been seen as mere repositories for scientific knowledge. But historians have recently shown how they play a number of roles that can illuminate different aspects of the history of science, from priority disputes to pedagogical practices. The essays in this Focus section aim to expand our vision of textbooks further by showing how they perform various hybrid functions in scientific development.
C1 Univ Toronto, Inst Hist & Philosophy Sci & Technol, Toronto, ON M5S 1K7, Canada.
RP Vicedo, M (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Inst Hist & Philosophy Sci & Technol, 91 Charles St W, Toronto, ON M5S 1K7, Canada.
EM marga.vicedo@utoronto.ca
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 2012
VL 103
IS 1
BP 83
EP 87
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PG 5
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 929MQ
UT WOS:000303069700004
ER

PT J
AU Gordin, MD
AF Gordin, Michael D.
TI Translating Textbooks Russian, German, and the Language of Chemistry
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SCIENCE
AB Using the cases of three Russian chemistry textbooks from the 1860s-authored by Freidrich Beilstein, A. M. Butlerov, and D. I. Mendeleev-this essay analyzes their contemporary translation into German and the implications of their divergent histories for scholars' understanding of the processes of credit accrual and the choices of languages of science.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Hist, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
RP Gordin, MD (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Hist, 136 Dickinson Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM mgordin@princeton.edu
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PT J
AU Shapiro, AR
AF Shapiro, Adam R.
TI Between Training and Popularization Regulating Science Textbooks in
   Secondary Education
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID MOVEMENT; HISTORY; BIOLOGY
AB Recruitment into the scientific community is one oft-stated goal of science education-in the post-Sputnik United States, for example-but this obscures the fact that science textbooks are often read by people who will never be scientists. It cannot be presupposed that science textbooks for younger audiences, students in primary and secondary schools, function in this way. For this reason, precollegiate-level science textbooks are sometimes discussed as a subset of literature popularizing science. The high school science classroom and the textbook are forums for exposing the public to science. The role of governments and educational institutions in regulating the consumption of these texts not only determines which books are used; it influences how they are written, read, and deemed authoritative. Therefore such science textbooks should not be seen as (at best) the disjunction of texts-for-training and books-for-popularization. A changing sense of what "textbooks" are compels a different understanding of their use in the history of science.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Med Hist & Bioeth, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
RP Shapiro, AR (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Med Hist & Bioeth, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM arshapiro2@wisc.edu
CR Adams W K, 2006, Physical Review Special Topics-Physics Education Research, V2, DOI 10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.2.010101
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PT J
AU Vicedo, M
AF Vicedo, Marga
TI Playing the Game Psychology Textbooks Speak Out about Love
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID MONKEYS
AB Starting in 1958, Harry Harlow published numerous research papers analyzing the emotional and social development of rhesus monkeys. This essay examines the presentation of Harlow's work in introductory psychology textbooks from 1958 to 1975, focusing on whether the textbooks erased the process of research, presented results without hedging, and provided a uniform account of Harlow's work and results. It argues that many textbooks were not passive vehicles of knowledge transmission; instead, they played a role similar to articles of meta-analysis and literature reviews.
C1 Univ Toronto, Inst Hist & Philosophy Sci & Technol, Toronto, ON M5S 1K7, Canada.
RP Vicedo, M (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Inst Hist & Philosophy Sci & Technol, 91 Charles St W, Toronto, ON M5S 1K7, Canada.
EM marga.vicedo@utoronto.ca
CR Cush DT, 1997, TEACH PSYCHOL, V24, P119, DOI 10.1207/s15328023top2402_7
   Danziger Kurt, 1990, CONSTRUCTING SUBJECT
   Fantino Edmund, 1975, INTRO CONT PSYCHOL, P152
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   Haber Audrey, 1974, FUNDAMENTALS PSYCHOL, P246
   Hacking Ian, 1999, SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION, P176
   HARLOW HF, 1962, AM PSYCHOL, V17, P1, DOI 10.1037/h0043587
   Harlow Harry F., 1962, P INT S COMP MED, P6
   Harlow Harry F., 1961, DETERMINANTS INFANT, P75
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   Solovey Mark, SHAKY FDN P IN PRESS
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PT J
AU Kaiser, D
AF Kaiser, David
TI A Tale of Two Textbooks Experiments in Genre
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID RELATING MYSTICAL CONCEPTS; EASTERN MYSTICISM; MODERN PHYSICS;
   PARALLELS; PERSPECTIVE; RELATIVITY; PARADOXES
AB Though the notion of a scientific textbook has been around for almost three centuries, the category has hardly been stable. The plasticity of the textbook genre may be illustrated by recent variations as well as long-term trends. In this brief essay I examine two idiosyncratic but highly successful physics books, each published in the mid 1970s, whose production, marketing, and adoption reveal some of the slippage between such categories as textbook, scholarly monograph, and popular best seller.
C1 [Kaiser, David] MIT, Program Sci Technol & Soc, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   [Kaiser, David] MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
RP Kaiser, D (reprint author), MIT, Program Sci Technol & Soc, E51-179,77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM dikaiser@mit.edu
CR Appelbaum Judith, 1983, NY TIMES        0320, P39
   Asimov Isaac, 1978, NY TIMES        0727, P19
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   Bertomeu-Sanchez, 2006, SCI ED, V15, P657
   Bicak J., 1975, B ASTRONOMICAL I CZE, V26, P377
   Binkley Sam, 2007, GETTING LOOSE LIFEST, P120
   Bromley D. Allan, 1974, AM SCI           JAN, P101
   Burt Philip B., 1974, COMMUNICATION   1112
   Capra, 1976, COMMUNICATION   0708
   CAPRA F, 1975, TAO PHYS EXPLORATION
   Capra Fritjof, 1973, COMMUNICATION   0111
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   Chandrasekhar S., 1974, PHYS TODAY       AUG, P47
   Christensen TM, 2009, PHYS TODAY, V62, P55
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   de Wit Karen, 1977, WASHINGTON POST 0709, pC1
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   Gillespie Evan, 1972, COMMUNICATION   1129
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   Weinberg S., 1972, GRAVITATION COSMOLOG
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   Wheeler, 1998, COMMUNICATION
   Wheeler, 1979, COMMUNICATION   0628
   Wheeler J. A., 1973, GRAVITATION
   Wheeler J.A, 1977, F PROBLEMS SPECIAL S, P3
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PT J
AU Weldon, SP
AF Weldon, Stephen P.
TI ISIS Current Bibliography
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
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PT J
AU de Chadarevian, S
AF de Chadarevian, Soraya
TI The Making of an Entrepreneurial Science Biotechnology in Britain,
   1975-1995
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID PUBLIC-INTEREST; PATENTS; HYBRIDOMAS; PENICILLIN; DNA
AB Monoclonal antibodies played a key role in the development of the biotechnology industry of the 1980s and 1990s. Investments in the sector and commercial returns have rivaled those of recombinant DNA technologies. Although the monoclonal antibody technology was first developed in Britain, the first patents were taken out by American scientists. During the first Thatcher government in Britain, blame for the missed opportunity fell on the scientists involved as well as on the National Research and Development Corporation, which had been put in place after World War 11 to avoid a repeat of the penicillin story, when patent rights were not sought. Instead of apportioning the blame, this essay suggests that despite past experiences and despite the new channels that were in place, Britain was not in a "patent culture" in the 1970s. It traces the long and painful process that made a commercial attitude among publicly funded British research scientists and in a civil service institution like the Medical Research Council both possible and desirable. In this process the meaning of the term "public science" also changed dramatically.
C1 [de Chadarevian, Soraya] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Hist, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   [de Chadarevian, Soraya] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Soc & Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
RP de Chadarevian, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Hist, 6265 Bunche Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
FU Laboratory of Molecular Biology
FX I thank Sydney Brenner, Mark Bretscher, Richard Henderson, Aaron Klug,
   David Secher, and Greg Winter for extensive conversations about
   monoclonals and technology transfer at the Laboratory of Molecular
   Biology and beyond, as well as for their critical reading of earlier
   versions of this essay. Celia Milstein kindly provided access to Cesar
   Milstein's papers before they were deposited and catalogued in the
   Churchill College Archives. Sydney Brenner provided access to countless
   boxes of archival material at his private home in England before they
   were shipped to the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives, where they
   are now housed. Clare Clark and John Zarrillo from the Cold Spring
   Harbor Laboratory Archives graciously provided the current file names
   for documents cited in this essay. Annette Faux from the Laboratory of
   Molecular Biology Archives was most helpful in tracing relevant
   documents and retrieving information. Without access to these sources,
   work on this essay would not have been possible. In addition to the
   people already mentioned, John Finch, Jean-Paul Gaudilliere, Viviane
   Quirke, Jim Secord, and Norton Wise read earlier drafts of the essay. I
   am greatly indebted to their insightful comments and encouragement. I
   also greatly profited from discussions at the 2010 British Society for
   the History of Science meeting at Aberdeen and at the UCLA History of
   Science Seminar, as well as from the incisive comments of three
   anonymous referees for Isis. Research for this article was partly
   supported by a grant from the Laboratory of Molecular Biology. The
   Medical Research Council has asked me to point out that research support
   by the Laboratory of Molecular Biology and access to their archives do
   not imply that the Medical Research Council has commissioned this work.
   Responsibility for its content lies exclusively with the author.
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NR 122
TC 0
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
PD DEC
PY 2011
VL 102
IS 4
BP 601
EP 633
PG 33
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 890DZ
UT WOS:000300126600001
ER

PT J
AU Miller, DP
AF Miller, David Philip
TI The Paradoxes of Patenting at General Electric Isador Ladoff's Journey
   from Siberian Exile to the Heart of Corporate Capitalism
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY; DISCOVERY
AB Isador Ladoff (1857-1918) worked briefly in the General Electric Company Research Laboratory, from 1901 to 1903. Since he was not employed to invent, Ladoff maintained that he, not the company, owned his invention of a new arc lamp electrode, eventually winning his case on appeal in 1911. The conduct and course of this patent litigation are examined in the light of Ladoff's remarkable life as a prisoner of the czar in Siberia before his escape to the United States in 1891 and as a socialist activist and writer thereafter. In showing that Ladoff's socialist principles activated his struggle with GE, the essay brings out the ironies of his defense of individualism against the incipient socialism of the laboratory supposedly espoused by officials of the company. The case is interesting in relation to the shift from the ideology, and the reality, of heroic individual invention to that of corporate invention in U.S. industrial research. That shift in turn was a crucial landmark in the longer history of the place of science in negotiation and contest about the relationship between creativity and intellectual property.
C1 Univ New S Wales, Sch Hist & Philosophy, Program Hist & Philosophy Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
RP Miller, DP (reprint author), Univ New S Wales, Sch Hist & Philosophy, Program Hist & Philosophy Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
FU Australian Research Council [DP0664031]
FX I would like to thank the Editor and anonymous referees of Isis for
   their generous assistance. The research for this essay was supported by
   Australian Research Council Discovery Project Grant DP0664031, "The
   Eureka! Myth."
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NR 100
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
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JI Isis
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GA 890DZ
UT WOS:000300126600002
ER

PT J
AU Ramsden, E
AF Ramsden, Edmund
TI From Rodent Utopia to Urban Hell Population, Pathology, and the Crowded
   Rats of NIMH
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SOCIAL PATHOLOGY; DENSITY; EXPERIENCE; BEHAVIOR; GROWTH; WORK
AB In a series of experiments at the National Institute of Mental Health, the animal ecologist John B. Calhoun offered rats everything they needed, except space. The resulting population explosion was followed by a series of "social pathologies" - violence, sexual deviance, and withdrawal. This essay examines the influence of Calhoun's experiments among psychologists and sociologists concerned with the effects of the built environment on health and behavior. Some saw evidence of the danger of the crowd in Calhoun's "rat cities" and fastened on a method of analysis that could be transferred to the study of urban man. Others, however, cautioned against drawing analogies between rodents and humans. The ensuing dispute saw social scientists involved in a careful negotiation over the structure and meaning of Calhoun's experimental systems and, with it, over the significance of the crowd in the laboratory, institution, and city.
C1 Univ Exeter, Ctr Med Hist, Exeter EX4 4RJ, Devon, England.
RP Ramsden, E (reprint author), Univ Exeter, Ctr Med Hist, Amory Bldg,Rennes Dr, Exeter EX4 4RJ, Devon, England.
FU Wellcome Trust
FX The majority of the research for this essay was carried out as part of a
   project on the history of stress at the Centre for Medical History,
   University of Exeter, supported by the Wellcome Trust, and also as part
   of an ESRC/Leverhulme Trust project, "The Nature of Evidence: How Well
   Do 'Facts' Travel?" at the Department of Economic History, London School
   of Economics. I would like to thank Sabina Leonelli, Rob Kirk, Jon
   Adams, Mary Morgan, Claude Fischer, Paul Paulus, Andy Pickering, and the
   referees and editor of Isis for their extremely helpful comments. I
   would also like to thank the staff of the University of Wyoming and the
   National Library of Medicine-John Rees in particular-for help in
   negotiating the Calhoun Papers.
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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UT WOS:000300126600003
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PT J
AU Taub, L
AF Taub, Liba
TI Introduction Reengaging with Instruments
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID ENGLAND
AB Over the past twenty years or so, historians of science have become increasingly sensitized to issues involved in studying and interpreting scientific and medical instruments. The contributors to this Focus section are historians of science who have worked closely with museum objects and collections, specifically instruments used in scientific and medical contexts. Such close engagement by historians of science is somewhat rare, provoking distinctive questions as to how we define and understand instruments, opening up issues regarding the value of broken or incomplete objects, and raising concerns about which scientific and medical artifacts are displayed and interpreted in museums and in what manner. It is hoped that these essays point historians of science in new directions for reengaging with scientific objects and collections.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Whipple Museum Hist Sci, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Cambridge CB2 3RH, England.
RP Taub, L (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Whipple Museum Hist Sci, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Free Sch Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RH, England.
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PT J
AU Bennett, J
AF Bennett, Jim
TI Early Modern Mathematical Instruments
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB In considering the appropriate use of the terms "science" and "scientific instrument," tracing the history of "mathematical instruments" in the early modern period is offered as an illuminating alternative to the historian's natural instinct to follow the guiding lights of originality and innovation, even if the trail transgresses contemporary boundaries. The mathematical instrument was a well-defined category, shared across the academic, artisanal, and commercial aspects of instrumentation, and its narrative from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century was largely independent from other classes of device, in a period when a "scientific" instrument was unheard of.
C1 Univ Oxford, Museum Hist Sci, Oxford OX1 3AZ, England.
RP Bennett, J (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Museum Hist Sci, Broad St, Oxford OX1 3AZ, England.
CR Bennett Jim, 2009, B SCI INSTRUMENT SOC, P4
   Brahe Tycho, 1598, ASTRONOMIAE INSTAURA
   Camerota Filippo, 2000, COMPASSO F MORDENTE
   Gallucci Giovanni Paolo, 1597, FABRICA USO DIVERSI
   Gunter Edmund, 1624, DESCRIPTION USE SECT
   Higton Hester, 2002, SUNDIALS GREENWICH
   McConnell Anita, 2007, J RAMSDEN 1735 1800
   Munster, 1533, HOROLOGIOGRAPHIA
   Munster Sebastian, 1531, COMPOSITIO HOROLOGIO
   Oughtred William, 1632, CIRCLES PROPORTION H
   Stoeffler Johann, 1513, ELUCIDATIO FABRICAE
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ER

PT J
AU Schaffer, S
AF Schaffer, Simon
TI Easily Cracked Scientific Instruments in States of Disrepair
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB There has been much scholarly attention to definitions of the term "scientific instrument." Rather more mundane work by makers, curators, and users is devoted to instruments' maintenance and repair. A familiar argument holds that when a tool breaks, its character and recalcitrance become evident. Much can be gained from historical study of instruments' breakages, defects, and recuperation. Maintenance and repair technologies have been a vital aspect of relations between makers and other users. Their history illuminates systems of instruction, support, and abuse. These systems were, for example, evident in the development of astronomical instruments around 1800 within and beyond the European sphere. Episodes from that milieu are used to explore how instrument users sought autonomy, how instruments' mutable character was defined, and how judgments of instruments' failure or success were ever secured.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Cambridge CB2 3RH, England.
RP Schaffer, S (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Free Sch Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RH, England.
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PT J
AU Arnold, K
   Soderqvist, T
AF Arnold, Ken
   Soderqvist, Thomas
TI Medical Instruments in Museums Immediate Impressions and Historical
   Meanings
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This essay proposes that our understanding of medical instruments might benefit from adding a more forthright concern with their immediate presence to the current historical focus on simply decoding their meanings and context. This approach is applied to the intriguingly tricky question of what actually is meant by a "medical instrument." It is suggested that a pragmatic part of the answer might lie simply in reconsidering the holdings of medical museums, where the significance of the physical actuality of instruments comes readily to hand.
C1 [Arnold, Ken] Wellcome Collect, London NW1 2BE, England.
   [Soderqvist, Thomas] Univ Copenhagen, DK-1310 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
RP Arnold, K (reprint author), Wellcome Collect, 183 Euston Rd, London NW1 2BE, England.
EM ken.arnold@wellcome.ac.uk; ths@sund.ku.dk
FU Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research
FX Funding to the Science Communication Section at Medical Museion from the
   Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research
   (www.metabol.ku.dk) is gratefully acknowledged.
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PT J
AU Bellon, R
AF Bellon, Richard
TI Inspiration in the Harness of Daily Labor Darwin, Botany, and the
   Triumph of Evolution, 1859-1868
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID CHARLES DARWIN; DARWIN,CHARLES; DIVERSITY
AB Charles Darwin hoped that a large body of working naturalists would embrace evolution after the Origin of Species appeared in late 1859. He was disappointed. His evolutionary ideas at first made painfully little progress in the scientific community. But by 1863 the tide had turned dramatically, and within five years evolution became scientific orthodoxy in Britain. The Origin's reception followed this peculiar trajectory because Darwin had not initially tied its theory to productive original scientific investigation, which left him vulnerable to charges of reckless speculation. The debate changed with his successful application of evolution to original problems, most notably orchid fertilization, the subject of a well-received book in 1862. Most of Darwin's colleagues found the argument of the Origin convincing when they realized that it functioned productively in the day-to-day work of science-and not before. The conceptual force of the Origin, however outwardly persuasive, acquired full scientific legitimacy only when placed "in the harness of daily labour."
C1 Michigan State Univ, Lyman Briggs Coll, E Lansing, MI 48825 USA.
RP Bellon, R (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Lyman Briggs Coll, E35 Holmes Hall, E Lansing, MI 48825 USA.
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   CORRESPONDENCE, V8, P356
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   1860, ATHENAEUM, P18
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   1862, DAILY NEWS      1003, P2
   CORRESPONDENCE, V3, P428
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NR 147
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD SEP
PY 2011
VL 102
IS 3
BP 393
EP 420
DI 10.1086/661591
PG 28
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 835TT
UT WOS:000296059600001
ER

PT J
AU Quintero, C
AF Quintero, Camilo
TI Trading in Birds Imperial Power, National Pride, and the Place of Nature
   in U.S.-Colombia Relations
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID ORNITHOLOGY; ECOLOGY; AMERICA; LIFE
AB Between the 1910s and the 1940s, American naturalists carried out a number of ornithological expeditions in Colombia. With the help of Colombian naturalists, thousands of skins were brought to natural history museums in the United States. By 1948 these birds had become an important treasure: American ornithologists declared Colombia the nation with the most bird species. This story sheds new light on the role science played in the expansion of U.S. political, economic, and cultural influence in Latin America in the early twentieth century, as well as on the relation between nationalist movements in Latin America and the study of the natural world. Recognizing a complex but fruitful interaction between nationalist policies and imperial practices proves important for understanding the success of the naturalists' enterprise in Colombia.
C1 Univ Los Andes, Dept Chem, Bogota, Colombia.
RP Quintero, C (reprint author), Univ Los Andes, Dept Chem, Cra 1 18A-10,Bloque Nd, Bogota, Colombia.
EM cquinter@uniandes.edu.co
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NR 122
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD SEP
PY 2011
VL 102
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BP 421
EP 445
DI 10.1086/661592
PG 25
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 835TT
UT WOS:000296059600002
ER

PT J
AU Yi, D
AF Yi, Doogab
TI Who Owns What? Private Ownership and the Public Interest in Recombinant
   DNA Technology in the 1970s
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY; MOLECULAR-BIOLOGY; ESCHERICHIA-COLI;
   UNITED-STATES; SCIENCE; PATENT; FOUNDATION; BIOTECHNOLOGY; TRANSITION;
   GOVERNMENT
AB This essay analyzes how academic institutions, government agencies, and the nascent biotech industry contested the legal ownership of recombinant DNA technology in the name of the public interest. It reconstructs the way a small but influential group of government officials and university research administrators introduced a new framework for the commercialization of academic research in the context of a national debate over scientific research's contributions to American economic prosperity and public health. They claimed that private ownership of inventions arising from public support would provide a powerful means to liberate biomedical discoveries for public benefit. This articulation of the causal link between private ownership and the public interest, it is argued, justified a new set of expectations about the use of research results arising from government or public support, in which commercialization became a new public obligation for academic researchers. By highlighting the broader economic and legal shifts that prompted the reconfiguration of the ownership of public knowledge in late twentieth-century American capitalism, the essay examines the threads of policy-informed legal ideas that came together to affirm private ownership of biomedical knowledge as germane to the public interest in the coming of age of biotechnology and genetic medicine.
C1 NIH, Off Hist, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
RP Yi, D (reprint author), NIH, Off Hist, 45 Ctr Dr,MSC 6330, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM yid@mail.nih.gov
FU National Science Foundation [SES-0522502]
FX I would like to thank Paul Berg, Stanley Cohen, Katherine Ku, Norman
   Latker, Janet Mertz, John Morrow, and Bernard Talbot for providing their
   recollections and historical materials. I also thank those who attended
   presentations of this paper at the American Association for the History
   of Medicine meeting, the History of Science Society meeting, Arizona
   State University, Caltech, KAIST, NIH, and Seoul National University for
   asking insightful questions. I sincerely appreciate enlightening
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   Bouk, Graham Burnett, David Cantor, Soraya de Chadarevian, Angela
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   Kevles, Robert Martensen, Bruno Strasser, the three anonymous referees
   for Isis, and Bernard Lightman. This research was generously supported
   by a dissertation research grant from the National Science Foundation
   (SES-0522502). I remain responsible for the interpretation offered and
   any errors in this essay.
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UT WOS:000296059600003
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PT J
AU Alexander, A
AF Alexander, Amir
TI The Skeleton in the Closet Should Historians of Science Care about the
   History of Mathematics?
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Up until the 1950s, the history of mathematics was an integral part of the history of science. To George Sarton and his contemporaries, mathematics was the rational skeleton that organized science and held it together, and its history was a fundamental component of the broader history of science. But when historians began focusing on the cultural roots of science rather than its rational structure, the study of mathematics was marginalized and ultimately excluded from the history of science. The alienation between the two fields is detrimental to both, and in recent years there has been a sustained effort to reestablish meaningful communication between the two. This time, however, mathematics is seen not as the static skeleton of science but, instead, as a dynamic and historically evolving field in its own right-just like science itself. The new approach allows for a culturally sensitive study of mathematics, as well as a new and fruitful relationship between the history of science and the history of mathematics. The essays in this Focus section offer a sampling of the new approaches, opening the way to a rapprochement between fields that have gone their separate ways but should by rights be closely interconnected.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Hist, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
RP Alexander, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Hist, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
CR Alexander, 2010, DUEL DAWN HEROES MAR
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PT J
AU Epple, M
AF Epple, Moritz
TI Between Timelessness and Historiality On the Dynamics of the Epistemic
   Objects of Mathematics
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID TOPOLOGY
AB In order to discuss the temporal structure of mathematical research, this essay offers four related definitions of a mathematical object from different times and places. It is argued that in order to appreciate the differences between these definitions, the historian needs to understand that none of them made sense in mathematical practice without a technical framework, referred to but not explained in the definitions themselves (an "epistemic configuration of research"); that the dynamics of the epistemic objects of mathematical research are secondary to the dynamics of these epistemic configurations as a whole; and that the dynamics of epistemic configurations of mathematical research do not follow law-like processes. Very different types of change may happen, and some of them link the dynamics of epistemic configurations with events and developments far beyond the bounds of the research field in question. These insights have historiographical consequences that require us to rethink the kind of temporality ascribed to mathematics.
C1 Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Arbeitsgrp Wissensch Geschichte, Hist Seminar, D-60629 Frankfurt, Germany.
RP Epple, M (reprint author), Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Arbeitsgrp Wissensch Geschichte, Hist Seminar, D-60629 Frankfurt, Germany.
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NR 15
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Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD SEP
PY 2011
VL 102
IS 3
BP 481
EP 493
DI 10.1086/661622
PG 13
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 835TT
UT WOS:000296059600005
ER

PT J
AU Dick, S
AF Dick, Stephanie
TI AfterMath The Work of Proof in the Age of Human-Machine Collaboration
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB During the 1970s and 1980s, a team of Automated Theorem Proving researchers at the Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago developed the Automated Reasoning Assistant, or AURA, to assist human users in the search for mathematical proofs. The resulting hybrid humans+AURA system developed the capacity to make novel contributions to pure mathematics by very untraditional means. This essay traces how these unconventional contributions were made and made possible through negotiations between the humans and the AURA at Argonne and the transformation in mathematical intuition they produced. At play in these negotiations were experimental practices, nonhumans, and nonmathematical modes of knowing. This story invites an earnest engagement between historians of mathematics and scholars in the history of science and science studies interested in experimental practice, material culture, and the roles of nonhumans in knowledge making.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Sci Ctr 371, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Dick, S (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Sci Ctr 371, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
FU Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
FX This research was supported in part by a Social Sciences and Humanities
   Research Council of Canada doctoral award.
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NR 37
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
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JI Isis
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PY 2011
VL 102
IS 3
BP 494
EP 505
DI 10.1086/661623
PG 12
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 835TT
UT WOS:000296059600006
ER

PT J
AU Richards, JL
AF Richards, Joan L.
TI "This Compendious Language" Mathematics in the World of Augustus De
   Morgan
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Mathematics is the most chameleon of subjects, whose meaning is differently defined in different circumstances. This essay considers the mathematics of Augustus De Morgan as an illustration of the ways that the essence of the subject, the very objects that are included within it, has been adjusted in response to cultural factors. Since these cultural factors are the same ones that shape scientific development, the argument is that the history of mathematics and the history of science are always inextricably bound to one another.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Hist, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
RP Richards, JL (reprint author), Brown Univ, Dept Hist, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
CR DEMORGAN A, 1828, OP MATH CLASS U LOND
   DEMORGAN A, 1838, PENNY CYCLOPAEDIA, V12
   DEMORGAN SE, 1882, MEMOIR A DEMORGAN, P328
   FREND W, 1788, ADDRESS MEMBERS CHUR, P6
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NR 7
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
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JI Isis
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VL 102
IS 3
BP 506
EP 510
DI 10.1086/661624
PG 5
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 835TT
UT WOS:000296059600007
ER

PT J
AU Gray, J
AF Gray, Jeremy
TI History of Mathematics and History of Science Reunited?
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB For some years now, the history of modern mathematics and the history of modern science have developed independently. A step toward a reunification that would benefit both disciplines could come about through a revived appreciation of mathematical practice. Detailed studies of what mathematicians actually do, whether local or broadly based, have often led in recent work to examinations of the social, cultural, and national contexts, and more can be done. Another recent approach toward a historical understanding of the abstractness of modern mathematics has been to see it as a species of modernism, and this thesis will be tested by the raft of works on the history of modern applied mathematics currently under way.
C1 Open Univ, Dept Math Stat & Comp, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
RP Gray, J (reprint author), Open Univ, Dept Math Stat & Comp, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
CR Corry, 1997, SCIENCE, V278, P1270
   Corry Leo, 2004, ARCHIMEDE, V10
   Corry Leo, 2003, MODERN ALGEBRA RISE
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NR 19
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
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EP 517
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ER

PT J
AU Mann, T
AF Mann, Tony
TI History of Mathematics and History of Science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This essay argues that the diversity of the history of mathematics community in the United Kingdom has influenced the development of the subject and is a significant factor behind the different concerns often evident in work on the history of mathematics when compared with that of historians of science. The heterogeneous nature of the community, which includes many who are not specialist historians, and the limited opportunities for academic careers open to practitioners have had a profound effect on the discipline, leading to a focus on elite mathematics and great mathematicians. More recently, reflecting earlier developments in the history of science, an increased interest in the context and culture of the practice of mathematics has become evident.
C1 Univ Greenwich, Dept Math Sci, Old Royal Naval Coll, London SE10 9LS, England.
RP Mann, T (reprint author), Univ Greenwich, Dept Math Sci, Old Royal Naval Coll, Pk Row, London SE10 9LS, England.
CR Agar Jon, 2001, TURING UNIVERSAL MAC
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NR 35
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
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VL 102
IS 3
BP 518
EP 526
DI 10.1086/661626
PG 9
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 835TT
UT WOS:000296059600009
ER

PT J
AU Boddice, R
AF Boddice, Rob
TI Vivisecting Major A Victorian Gentleman Scientist Defends Animal
   Experimentation, 1876-1885
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Through an investigation of the public, professional, and private life of the Darwinian disciple George John Romanes, this essay seeks a better understanding of the scientific motivations for defending the practice of vivisection at the height of the controversy in late Victorian Britain. Setting aside a historiography that has tended to focus on the arguments of antivivisectionists, it reconstructs the viewpoint of the scientific community through an examination of Romanes's work to help orchestrate the defense of animal experimentation. By embedding his life in three complicatedly overlapping networks the world of print, interpersonal communications among an increasingly professionalized body of scientific men, and the intimacies of private life the essay uses Romanes as a lens with which to focus the physiological apprehension of the antivivisection movement. It is a story of reputation, self-interest, and affection.
C1 [Boddice, Rob] Humboldt Univ, Sonderforsch Bereich 640, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
   [Boddice, Rob] Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Boddice, R (reprint author), Humboldt Univ, Sonderforsch Bereich 640, Mohrenstr 40-41, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
EM rob.boddice@staff.hu-berlin.de
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
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PY 2011
VL 102
IS 2
BP 215
EP 237
PG 23
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 788CM
UT WOS:000292423000001
ER

PT J
AU Nicholson, I
AF Nicholson, Ian
TI "Shocking" Masculinity Stanley Milgram, "Obedience to Authority," and
   the "Crisis of Manhood" in Cold War America
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID PSYCHOLOGY; PRESSURE; POWER; AGE
AB Stanley Milgram's study of "obedience to authority" is one of the best-known psychological experiments of the twentieth century. This essay examines the study's special charisma through a detailed consideration of the intellectual, cultural, and gender contexts of Cold War America. It suggests that Milgram presented not a "timeless" experiment on "human nature" but, rather, a historically contingent, scientifically sanctioned "performance" of American masculinity at a time of heightened male anxiety. The essay argues that this gendered context invested the obedience experiments with an extraordinary plausibility, immediacy, and relevance. Immersed in a discourse of masculinity besieged, many Americans read the obedience experiments not as a fanciful study of laboratory brutality but as confirmation of their worst fears. Milgram's extraordinary success thus lay not in his "discovery" of the fragility of individual conscience but in his theatrical flair for staging culturally relevant masculine performances.
C1 St Thomas Univ, Dept Psychol, Fredericton, NB E3B 5G3, Canada.
RP Nicholson, I (reprint author), St Thomas Univ, Dept Psychol, Fredericton, NB E3B 5G3, Canada.
EM nicholson@stu.ca
FU Social Science and Research Council of Canada [410-2002-1448]
FX Earlier versions of this essay were presented at the joint meeting of
   Cheiron and the European Society for the History of the Human Sciences,
   University College, Dublin, June 2007, and at the annual meeting of the
   American Psychological Association, Boston, August 2008. Portions of
   this research were supported by a grant from the Social Science and
   Research Council of Canada (grant no. 410-2002-1448). Input on previous
   drafts from the Isis referees was very helpful and much appreciated.
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AU Weidman, N
AF Weidman, Nadine
TI Popularizing the Ancestry of Man Robert Ardrey and the Killer Instinct
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SCIENCE
AB This essay examines Robert Ardrey (1908-1980)-American playwright, screenwriter, and prolific author as a case study in the popularization of science. Bringing together evidence from both paleoanthropology and ethology, Ardrey became in the 1960s a vocal proponent of the theory that human beings are innately violent. The essay shows that Ardrey used his popular scientific books not only to consolidate a new science of human nature but also to question the popularizer's standard role, to reverse conventional hierarchies of scientific expertise, and to test the boundaries of professional scientific authority. Understanding how he did this can help us reassess the meanings and uses of popular science as critique in Cold War America. The essay also shows that E. O. Wilson's sociobiology was in part a reaction to the subversive political message of Ardrey's science.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Sci Ctr 371, Extens Sch, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Weidman, N (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Sci Ctr 371, Extens Sch, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
FU NSF [SES-0002057]
FX I am grateful to Bernard Lightman, John Burnham, Lara Friedenfelds,
   Susan Lanzoni, Erika Milam, Katherine Pandora, Sigrid Schmalzer, Marga
   Vicedo, and three anonymous Isis referees for comments that helped
   improve this essay. I presented an early version at the
   Life/Environmental Sciences Working Group at Harvard, where I benefited
   from the insights of Janet Browne, Sarah Jansen, Rebecca Lemov, Phil
   Loring, Everett Mendelsohn, Diane Paul, Lukas Rieppel, and their
   colleagues. Alex Schweig provided expert research assistance. I also
   acknowledge the help of the archival staff at Boston University and the
   American Philosophical Society Library. Research was supported by NSF
   grant SES-0002057.
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PT J
AU Moran, BT
AF Moran, Bruce T.
TI FOCUS: ALCHEMY AND THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID BOYLE,ROBERT
AB Alchemy is part of the cultural experience of early modern Europe and yet has had to overcome problems of demarcation to be considered relevant to the history of science. This essay considers historiographical and methodological issues that have affected the gradual demarginalization of alchemy among attempts to explain, and find things out about, nature. As an area of historical study, alchemy relates to the history of science as part of an ensemble of practices that explored the natural world through natural philosophy and speculative traditions and by functioning as a nexus of social and intellectual life.
C1 [Moran, Bruce T.] Univ Nevada, Dept Hist, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
   [Moran, Bruce T.] Huntington Lib, Huntington, WV USA.
RP Moran, BT (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Hist, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
EM moran@unr.edu
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AU Principe, LM
AF Principe, Lawrence M.
TI Alchemy Restored
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Alchemy now holds an important place in the history of science. Its current status contrasts with its former exile as a "pseudoscience" or worse and results from several rehabilitative steps carried out by scholars who made closer, less programmatic, and more innovative studies of the documentary sources. Interestingly, alchemy's outcast status was created in the eighteenth century and perpetuated thereafter in part for strategic and polemical reasons and not only on account of a lack of historical understanding. Alchemy's return to the fold of the history of science highlights important features about the development of science and our changing understanding of it.
C1 [Principe, Lawrence M.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Hist Sci & Technol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   [Principe, Lawrence M.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
RP Principe, LM (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Hist Sci & Technol, 301 Gilman Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
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PT J
AU Newman, WR
AF Newman, William R.
TI What Have We Learned from the Recent Historiography of Alchemy?
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Over the last two decades a new scholarship on alchemy has emerged, leading to a fundamental reformulation of knowledge about alchemists and their activities. We now know that medieval and early modern alchemists employed experiment in concert with theory to demonstrate the existence of stable "chymical atoms," which were thought to combine with one another according to a hierarchical theory of matter. Employing laboratory-based analysis and synthesis, alchemists were among the first explicitly to enunciate the principle of mass balance and to show that materials are compounded of the ingredients into which they can be physically decomposed. Perhaps even more surprisingly, these convictions and practices arose out of the interaction of alchemical practice with scholastic Aristotelianism, long viewed by historians of the Scientific Revolution as antithetical to experiment. Thus the new historiography challenges both a long-standing marginalization of alchemy itself and a commonplace view of Aristotelianism as inimical to the early modern growth of experimental science.
C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
RP Newman, WR (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
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PT J
AU Chang, KM
AF Chang, Ku-ming (Kevin)
TI Alchemy as Studies of Life and Matter Reconsidering the Place of
   Vitalism in Early Modern Chymistry
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Early modern alchemy studied both matter and life, much like today's life sciences. What material life is and how it comes about intrigued alchemists. Many found the answer by assuming a vital principle that served as the source and cause of life. Recent literature has presented important cases in which vitalist formulations incorporated corpuscular or mechanical elements that were characteristic of the New Science and other cases in which vitalist thinking influenced important figures of the Scientific Revolution. Not merely speculative, vitalist ideas also motivated chymical practice. The unity of life science and material science that is found in many formulations of Renaissance alchemy disintegrated in Georg Ernst Stahl's version of post-Cartesian vitalism.
C1 Acad Sinica, Inst Hist & Philol, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
RP Chang, KM (reprint author), Acad Sinica, Inst Hist & Philol, 130 Acad Rd,Sect 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
EM kchang@sinica.edu.te
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NR 48
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD JUN
PY 2011
VL 102
IS 2
BP 322
EP 329
PG 8
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 788CM
UT WOS:000292423000007
ER

PT J
AU Nummedal, TE
AF Nummedal, Tara E.
TI Words and Works in the History of Alchemy
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This essay considers the implications of a shift in focus from ideas to practices in the history of alchemy. On the one hand, it is argued, this new attention to practice highlights the diversity of ways that early modern Europeans engaged alchemy, ranging from the literary to the entrepreneurial and artisanal, as well as the broad range of social and cultural spaces that alchemists inhabited. At the same time, however, recent work has demonstrated what most alchemists shared-namely, a penchant for reading, writing, making, and doing, all at the same time. Any history of early modern alchemy, therefore, must attend to all of these practices, as well as the interplay among them. In this sense, alchemy offers a model for thinking and writing about early modern science more generally, particularly in light of recent work that has explored the intersection of scholarly, artisanal, and entrepreneurial forms of knowledge in the early modern period.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Hist, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
RP Nummedal, TE (reprint author), Brown Univ, Dept Hist, Box N, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
CR BLAIR A, 1997, THEATER NATURE J BOD, P4
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NR 29
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD JUN
PY 2011
VL 102
IS 2
BP 330
EP 337
PG 8
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 788CM
UT WOS:000292423000008
ER

PT J
AU Kuklick, H
AF Kuklick, Henrika
TI Personal Equations Reflections on the History of Fieldwork, with Special
   Reference to Sociocultural Anthropology
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SCIENCE; ETHNOGRAPHY; PRIMATOLOGY; KNOWLEDGE; POLITICS; CULTURE; SPACE
AB In the latter part of the nineteenth century, diverse sciences grounded in natural history made a virtue of field research that somehow tested scientists' endurance; disciplinary change derived from the premise that witnesses were made reliable by character-molding trials. The turn to the field was a function of structural transformations in various quarters, including (but hardly limited to) global politics, communications systems, and scientific institutions, and it conduced to biogeographical explanations, taxonomic schemes that admitted of heterogeneity, and affective research styles. Sociocultural anthropology, which took specialized shape at the beginning of the twentieth century, shared many properties with other field sciences, but its method-participant observation-was distinctive. Critical to the method's definition were the efforts of the British experimental psychologist-anthropologist W. H. R. Rivers, who relied on notions then widespread in Europe and the United States. The discipline's future mythic hero, Bronislaw Malinowski, embraced Rivers's model. For both men, proper fieldwork meant using the researcher's body as an instrument and entailed understanding both the anthropologist's body and the research subject's body as energy systems; this symmetry facilitated a relativist perspective. Participant observation remains central to sociocultural anthropology, but the discipline's pedagogic habits contributed to loss of memory of its energetic conceptualization.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Hist & Sociol Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
RP Kuklick, H (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Hist & Sociol Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM hkuklick@sas.upenn.edu
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NR 226
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Z9 2
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 2011
VL 102
IS 1
BP 1
EP 33
PG 33
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 754PO
UT WOS:000289868600001
ER

PT J
AU Larson, EJ
AF Larson, Edward J.
TI Public Science for a Global Empire The British Quest for the South
   Magnetic Pole
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID BRITAIN
AB It is well known to historians of science that, early in the nineteenth century, terrestrial magnetism became both a popular science and a significant research enterprise in Europe. For Britain, as a maritime power, it offered benefits for navigation. Theoretical physicists claimed that, with enough observations of magnetic variation, intensity, and dip taken throughout the world over time, they could deduce regular mathematical laws to explain the phenomena. Because of the lack of data from the region, particular attention focused on field research in deep southern latitudes. Finding the precise location of the South Magnetic Pole became a prime goal for some enthusiasts. With burgeoning colonies in Africa and the Antipodes, Britain assumed a leading role in this effort. British scientists looked to their government for funding and called on the Admiralty to dispatch expeditions. It is less well known that both popular and scientific interest in terrestrial magnetism continued throughout the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century. The H.M.S. Erebus and H.M.S. Terror (1839-1843), H.M.S. Challenger (1872-1876), and R.Y. Discovery (1901-1904) sailed to the Antarctic as part of Britain's extended "Magnetic Crusade," which culminated with Royal Society geologist T. W. Edgeworth David of the Nimrod expedition reaching the South Magnetic Pole in 1909.
C1 [Larson, Edward J.] Pepperdine Univ, Div Humanities, Malibu, CA 90263 USA.
   [Larson, Edward J.] Pepperdine Univ, Sch Law, Malibu, CA 90263 USA.
RP Larson, EJ (reprint author), Pepperdine Univ, Div Humanities, 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90263 USA.
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NR 60
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 2011
VL 102
IS 1
BP 34
EP 59
PG 26
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 754PO
UT WOS:000289868600002
ER

PT J
AU Strasser, BJ
AF Strasser, Bruno J.
TI The Experimenter's Museum GenBank, Natural History, and the Moral
   Economies of Biomedicine
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID INFORMATION OVERLOAD; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; ACID; SCIENCE; DNA;
   BIOINFORMATICS; EVOLUTION; AMERICA; UNITY; COLI
AB Today, the production of knowledge in the experimental life sciences relies crucially on the use of biological data collections, such as DNA sequence databases. These collections, in both their creation and their current use, are embedded in the experimentalist tradition. At the same time, however, they exemplify the natural historical tradition, based on collecting and comparing natural facts. This essay focuses on the issues attending the establishment in 1982 of GenBank, the largest and most frequently accessed collection of experimental knowledge in the world. The debates leading to its creation-about the collection and distribution of data, the attribution of credit and authorship, and the proprietary nature of knowledge-illuminate the different moral economies at work in the life sciences in the late twentieth century. They offer perspective on the recent rise of public access publishing and data sharing in science. More broadly, this essay challenges the big picture according to which the rise of experimentalism led to the decline of natural history in the twentieth century. It argues that both traditions have been articulated into a new way of producing knowledge that has become a key practice in science at the beginning of the twenty-first century.
C1 Yale Univ, Sect Hist Med, Program Hist Sci & Med, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
RP Strasser, BJ (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sect Hist Med, Program Hist Sci & Med, POB 208015, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM bruno.strasser@yale.edu
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NR 188
TC 11
Z9 12
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 2011
VL 102
IS 1
BP 60
EP 96
PG 37
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 754PO
UT WOS:000289868600003
ER

PT J
AU Pickstone, JV
   Worboys, M
AF Pickstone, John V.
   Worboys, Michael
TI FOCUS: BETWEEN AND BEYOND "HISTORIES OF SCIENCE" AND "HISTORIES OF
   MEDICINE"
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Historians tend to treat science and medicine as having developed in parallel, and we maintain separate societies and journals, often giving primacy to science, at least for intellectual history. Yet much of "science" before circa 1800 was dependent on the organizations of medicine, and much of science now is promoted for the improvement of medical diagnoses and therapies. This Focus section unpicks some of the historical and historiographical relationships, recognizing the present prominence of biomedicine and the diminishing utility of distinctions between science, medicine, and technology.
C1 [Pickstone, John V.; Worboys, Michael] Univ Manchester, CHSTM, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
RP Pickstone, JV (reprint author), Univ Manchester, CHSTM, Simon Bldg,Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
EM John.Pickstone@manchester.ac.uk; Michael.Worboys@manchester.ac.uk
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NR 7
TC 1
Z9 1
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 2011
VL 102
IS 1
BP 97
EP 101
PG 5
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 754PO
UT WOS:000289868600004
ER

PT J
AU Cook, HJ
AF Cook, Harold J.
TI The History of Medicine and the Scientific Revolution
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The "new philosophy" of the seventeenth century has continued to be explained mainly on its own terms: as a major philosophical turn. Twentieth-century modernism gave pride of place to big ideas and reinforced the tendency to explain the rise of science in light of new ideas. Such orientations subordinated medicine (and technology) to sciences that appeared to be more theoretical. In attempts to persuade historians of science of the importance of medicine, then, many authors took an approach arguing that the major changes in the history of medicine during the so-called scientific revolution arose from philosophical commitments. Yet because medicine is also intimately connected to other aspects of life, its histories proved to be recalcitrant to such reductions and so continue to offer many possibilities for those who seek fresh means to address histories of body and mind united rather than divided.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Hist, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
RP Cook, HJ (reprint author), Brown Univ, Dept Hist, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
EM Harold_Cook@Brown.edu
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NR 58
TC 3
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 2011
VL 102
IS 1
BP 102
EP 108
PG 7
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 754PO
UT WOS:000289868600005
ER

PT J
AU Worboys, M
AF Worboys, Michael
TI Practice and the Science of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB A generation ago the nineteenth century was at the heart of medical historical scholarship, as the era when modern medicine was born. Over the last decade or so things have changed: other centuries vie for center stage, and former key "turning points," like hospital medicine and laboratory medicine, are now seen in terms of continuities on longer timescales. But though chronologically reframed, the modes of medicine still appear chiefly at the level of programmatic intentions, including rhetorical uses of science. This essay argues that work in this vein needs to be complemented with equal attention to the performative aspects of practice-in the clinic, in the laboratory, and in the field-and that historians of medicine still have much to learn from the "practice turn" in the history of science.
C1 Univ Manchester, CHSTM, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
RP Worboys, M (reprint author), Univ Manchester, CHSTM, Simon Bldg,Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
EM Michael.Worboys@manchester.ac.uk
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AU Lowy, I
AF Loewy, Ilana
TI Historiography of Biomedicine "Bio," "Medicine," and In Between
SO ISIS
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DT Article
ID SCIENCE; HISTORY
AB History of biomedicine is a hybrid domain, intersecting with many other scholarly disciplines. From the 1970s, historians who investigated recent developments in medicine increasingly shared the approaches, presuppositions, and methods of inquiry of historians and sociologists of science and technology. One reason is that the increasing reliance of medicine on technologies, instruments, and drugs makes the demarcation between "medicine," "science," and "industry" more difficult. Another is the "practice turn" in the history of science, which gave greater attention to the ways scientists and physicians work. The impressive achievements of historians who applied these new approaches came, however, at a cost. The neglect of an earlier generation of historians of medicine may have limited more recent ambitions for understanding health and disease in society. Closer links with historians of science and technology and sociologists of science may have blurred the specificity of medicine as a domain grounded in the distinction between the normal and the pathological and lessened scholars' interest in "the clinic" as a unique site of the production of knowledge.
C1 CERMES, Paris, France.
RP Lowy, I (reprint author), CERMES, Paris, France.
EM lowy@vjf.cnrs.fr
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AU Pickstone, JV
AF Pickstone, John V.
TI Sketching Together the Modem Histories of Science, Technology, and
   Medicine
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This essay explores ways to "write together" the awkwardly jointed histories of "science" and "medicine"-but it also includes other "arts" (in the old sense) and technologies. It draws especially on the historiography of medicine, but I try to use terms that are applicable across all of science, technology, and medicine (STM). I stress the variety of knowledges and practices in play at any time and the ways in which the ensembles change. I focus on the various relations of "science" and "medicine," as they were understood for a succession of periods-from mainly agricultural societies, through industrial societies, to our biomedical present-trying to sketch a history that encompasses daily practices and understandings as well as major conceptual and technical innovations. The model is meant to facilitate inquiry across topics and across times, including those to come.
C1 Univ Manchester, CHSTM, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
RP Pickstone, JV (reprint author), Univ Manchester, CHSTM, Simon Bldg,Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
EM John.Pickstone@manchester.ac.uk
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PT J
AU Green, CD
AF Green, Christopher D.
TI Scientific Objectivity and E. B. Titchener's Experimental Psychology
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID IMAGELESS THOUGHT; INTROSPECTION; THINKING; ORIGINS; FACTS
AB Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison's recent book on the history of scientific objectivity showed that, over the course of the nineteenth century, natural scientists of many stripes became intensely concerned with the issue of the distorting influence that their own subjectivities might be having on their observations and representations of nature. At very nearly the same time, experimental psychology arose specifically to investigate scientifically the nature and structure of subjective consciousness. Although Daston and Galison briefly discussed some basic psychological-issues especially the discovery of differences in human color perception-they did not strongly connect the widespread European concern with scientific objectivity to the rise of experimental psychology. This essay critically examines the theoretical and empirical activities of the experimental psychologist who most energetically strove to discover the structure of subjective conscious experience, Edward Bradford Titchener. Titchener's efforts to produce an objective study of subjectivity reveal important tensions in early experimental psychology and also serve to situate experimental psychology at the center of an important intellectual struggle that was being waged across the natural sciences in the decades surrounding the turn of the twentieth century.
C1 York Univ, Dept Psychol, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
RP Green, CD (reprint author), York Univ, Dept Psychol, 4700 Keele St, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
FU Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
FX Many thanks to Michael Pettit, Thomas Teo, Fred Weizmann, Ludy Benjamin,
   James Goodwin, David Devonis, Daniel Robinson, and, especially, Rand
   Evans for discussions and advice that helped to clarify my thinking on
   these issues. This research was conducted with the support of a Standard
   Research Grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council
   of Canada.
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AU Weiss, SF
AF Weiss, Sheila Faith
TI After the Fall Political Whitewashing, Professional Posturing, and
   Personal Refashioning in the Postwar Career of Otmar Freiherr von
   Verschuer
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Despite the numerous books and articles preoccupied with the formidable legitimizing role and unethical medical transgressions of the German human geneticist Otmar von Verschuer (1896-1969) during the Third Reich, scholars have neglected to focus on his career trajectory during the postwar period, especially in the years after he received the first chair of genetics on German soil in 1951. While an examination of von Verschuer's trials, tribulations, and ultimate triumph in post-1945 West Germany is fascinating in its own right, it also raises broader historical issues. First, it lays bare the professional posturing of German biomedical scientists as they attempted to retake control over their once tainted fields of research when Cold War realities opened a window of opportunity for them. Second, it reveals the fine line between adherence to professional ethics and disciplinary solidarity when scientists were faced with a potential outside threat to their profession. Finally, such an analysis demonstrates the macromechanics of professional refashioning on the part of the publicly tainted scientists as they forged a new symbiosis between their field and the politics of a new era in the interest of pursuing research.
C1 Clarkson Univ, Dept Humanities & Social Sci, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA.
RP Weiss, SF (reprint author), Clarkson Univ, Dept Humanities & Social Sci, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA.
FU NSF [SES-0924049]
FX The research for this essay was made possible by a generous two-year NSF
   grant (SES-0924049) for a professional and political biography of Otmar
   Freiherr von Verschuer. I would like to take the opportunity to thank my
   external referees for their valuable comments. My appreciation also
   extends to my husband, Wilhelm Schauer, who helped proofread this essay.
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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UT WOS:000287426400002
ER

PT J
AU Dear, P
   Jasanoff, S
AF Dear, Peter
   Jasanoff, Sheila
TI Dismantling Boundaries in Science and Technology Studies
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID HISTORY-OF-SCIENCE; CULTURAL HISTORY; DISCIPLINE; IDEOLOGY
AB The boundaries between the history of science and science and technology studies (STS) can be misleadingly drawn, to the detriment of both fields. This essay stresses their commonalities and potential for valuable synergy. The evolution of the two fields has been characterized by lively interchange and boundary crossing, with leading scholars functioning easily on both sides of the past/present divide. Disciplines, it is argued, are best regarded as training grounds for asking particular kinds of questions, using particular clusters of methods. Viewed in this way, history of science and STS are notable for their shared approaches to disciplining. The essay concludes with a concrete example-regulatory science-showing how a topic such as this can be productively studied with methods that contradict any alleged disciplinary divide between historical and contemporary studies of science.
C1 [Dear, Peter] Cornell Univ, Dept Hist, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   [Jasanoff, Sheila] Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Dear, P (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Hist, McGraw Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
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ER

PT J
AU Morus, IR
AF Morus, Iwan Rhys
TI Placing Performance
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID HISTORY; SCIENCE
AB This introductory essay discusses the origins of current interest in performances and performativity in the history of science as an outcome of the concern with understanding science as practice that emerged from the 1980s onward. The language of performance, it suggests, provides useful analytic tools for historians of science because it focuses our attention on the bodies of practitioners, their embodied practices, and their presentation of self to different audiences. It provides a new approach to understanding the politics of knowledge production and dissemination. Lastly, the essay suggests, the emphasis on performance invites us to develop new, nontextual strategies for representing our own researches.
C1 Aberystwyth Univ, Dept Hist & Welsh Hist, Aberystwyth SY24 3DY, Dyfed, Wales.
RP Morus, IR (reprint author), Aberystwyth Univ, Dept Hist & Welsh Hist, Hugh Owen Bldg, Aberystwyth SY24 3DY, Dyfed, Wales.
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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UT WOS:000287426400004
ER

PT J
AU Wintroub, M
AF Wintroub, Michael
TI Taking a Bow in the Theater of Things
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SCIENCE
AB Beginning with the meaning and use of the word "performance," this essay analyzes some of the ambiguities and tensions performance has historically engendered. These tensions were both social and epistemic and can be sketched out with relation to either the corrupting influences of performance as dissimulation and masquerade or its didactic possibilities as exemplary of morality, virtue, and truth. Following these tensions across the history of antitheatrical literature into early modern natural philosophy, the essay attempts to show some of the ways that natural philosophy was used to perform-regulate, discipline, and direct-its audience(s), while simultaneously being itself performed-through interlocking practices enacted by sites, objects, and humans-as demonstrative of the legitimacy of its social and epistemic authority.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Rhetor, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
RP Wintroub, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Rhetor, 7323 Dwinelle Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
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PT J
AU Heering, P
AF Heering, Peter
TI An Experimenter's Gotta Do What an Experimenter's Gotta Do-But How?
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID PRECISION; HEAT
AB The aim of this essay is to discuss the relation between experimenter and instruments in terms of how they interact: how the instrument requires a particular performance from the experimenter, how the experimenter requires a particular performance from the instrument, how a particular purpose of the experimental procedures requires a particular performance from the experimenter and the instrument, and, finally, how both-experimenter and instrument in their interplay-are subject to standards that can be related to social, political, or epistemological criteria. The author draws on his own experiences in analyzing experiments using the replication method.
C1 Univ Flensburg, Inst Phys & Chem & Ihre Didakt, D-24943 Flensburg, Germany.
RP Heering, P (reprint author), Univ Flensburg, Inst Phys & Chem & Ihre Didakt, D-24943 Flensburg, Germany.
EM peter.heering@uni-flensburg.de
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PT J
AU Morus, IR
AF Morus, Iwan Rhys
TI Worlds of Wonder Sensation and the Victorian Scientific Performance
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SCIENCE; END
AB Performances of various kinds were central to the strategies adopted by Victorian natural philosophers to constitute their authority. Appealing to the senses of their audience through spectacular effects or ingenious demonstrations of skill was key to the success of these performances. If we want to understand the politics and practice of Victorian science and science more generally we need to pay particular attention to these sorts of performances. We need to understand the ingredients that went into them and the relationships between scientific performers and their publics. In particular, we need to investigate the self-conscious nature of Victorian scientific performances. Looking at science as performance provides us with a new set of tools for understanding the politics of knowledge, the relationship between producers and consumers of scientific knowledge, and the construction and constitution of scientific authority.
C1 Aberystwyth Univ, Dept Hist & Welsh Hist, Aberystwyth SY24 3DY, Dyfed, Wales.
RP Morus, IR (reprint author), Aberystwyth Univ, Dept Hist & Welsh Hist, Hugh Owen Bldg, Aberystwyth SY24 3DY, Dyfed, Wales.
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PT J
AU Myers, N
AF Myers, Natasha
TI Pedagogy and Performativity Rendering Laboratory Lives in the
   Documentary Naturally Obsessed: The Making of a Scientist
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB A recently released documentary on life in a protein crystallography laboratory offers an exemplary opportunity to examine how a popular account of scientific training models narrowly defined norms of masculinity and mentorship and simultaneously sets these as the tacit conditions for success in science. Rather than treating this documentary as a good or bad representation of what life in the lab is actually like, this analysis draws attention to how the scientists featured in the film perform for the camera and how the filmmakers splice together the action to animate an engaging story. This essay shows how this popular and widely circulating documentary frames science as a game to be won and stages scientific success on an agonistic playing field. Those who can "make it" are those who are tough enough and those who are willing and able to get entangled in the taunting, jesting, and jostling relationships that appear to be required for mentorship in this lab. The essay argues that this documentary tethers this model of success in science to restrictive norms of masculinity and in so doing promotes a pedagogical culture that fosters competition, rivalry, and ritualized shame. Feminist theories of performativity are engaged to consider the iterative processes through which narrowly circumscribed masculinities and styles of pedagogy are sedimented and naturalized. This essay aims to spur renewed attention to the care historians and anthropologists might take to examine the often hidden tropes that are lurking inside the stories about science that we find so salient.
C1 [Myers, Natasha] York Univ, Dept Anthropol, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
   [Myers, Natasha] York Univ, Program Sci & Technol Studies, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
RP Myers, N (reprint author), York Univ, Dept Anthropol, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
PD DEC
PY 2010
VL 101
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BP 817
EP 828
DI 10.1086/657480
PG 12
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 722IR
UT WOS:000287426400008
ER

PT J
AU della Dora, V
AF della Dora, Veronica
TI Making Mobile Knowledges The Educational Cruises of the Revue Generale
   des Sciences Pures et Appliquees, 1897-1914
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Over the past few years there has been an increasing acknowledgment that all knowledge is "sited knowledge." While place, mobility, and travel have become central issues in the history (and geography) of science, much of the discussion has nevertheless revolved around "formal scientific knowledge." This essay focuses on a specific type of popular "mobile" scientific knowledge making that emerged in the last decades of the nineteenth century: the educational cruise. In particular, it considers a series of voyages d'etude organized by the French scientific periodical Revue Generale des Sciences Pures et Appliquees between 1897 and 1914 that were open to the general public. It examines both the ways and the spaces in which knowledge was produced and the type of knowledge that was produced.
C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England.
RP della Dora, V (reprint author), Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Univ Rd, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England.
FU British Academy [RG2332]
FX The research for this essay was funded by the British Academy (grant
   RG2332). I would like to acknowledge Pablo Fuentenebro for his
   assistance with French translations, three anonymous referees for Isis
   for their valuable suggestions and comments on a previous draft, and
   Bernard Lightman for his exemplary guidance in the revision process.
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
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ER

PT J
AU Pesic, P
AF Pesic, Peter
TI Hearing the Irrational Music and the Development of the Modern Concept
   of Number
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Because the modern concept of number emerged within a quadrivium that included music alongside arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy, musical considerations affected mathematical developments. Michael Stifel embedded the then-paradoxical term "irrational numbers" (numerici irrationales) in a musical context (1544), though his philosophical aversion to the "cloud of infinity" surrounding such numbers finally outweighed his musical arguments in their favor. Girolamo Cardano gave the same status to irrational and rational quantities in his algebra (1545), for which his contemporaneous work on music suggested parallels and empirical examples. Nicola Vicentino's attempt to revive ancient "enharmonic" music (1555) required and hence defended the use of "irrational proportions" (proportiones inrationales) as if they were numbers. These developments emerged in richly interactive social and cultural milieus whose participants interwove musical and mathematical interests so closely that their intense controversies about ancient Greek music had repercussions for mathematics as well. The musical interests of Stifel, Cardano, and Vicentino influenced their respective treatments of "irrational numbers." Practical as well as theoretical music both invited and opened the way for the recognition of a radically new concept of number, even in the teeth of paradox.
C1 St Johns Coll, Santa Fe, NM 87505 USA.
RP Pesic, P (reprint author), St Johns Coll, 1160 Camino de la Cruz Blanca, Santa Fe, NM 87505 USA.
EM ppesic@sjcsf.edu
FU John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
FX I am grateful to Amir Alexander, Andre Barbera, H. Floris Cohen, Sven
   Dupre, Thomas Mathiesen, Richard Oosterhoff, Andrei Pesic, and Benjamin
   Wardhaugh for their helpful comments and suggestions. I thank Don Howard
   and the Program in History and Philosophy of Science at the University
   of Notre Dame for their hospitality, which enabled me to discuss these
   ideas in their stimulating company. Special thanks to William Donahue
   for his help with the Latin and to Manfred Cordes for his generous
   permission to use the musical score in Figure 8, for which Jorg Jacobi
   also gave his kind assistance. I also thank the John Simon Guggenheim
   Memorial Foundation for its support.
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ER

PT J
AU Sokal, MM
AF Sokal, Michael M.
TI Scientific Biography, Cognitive Deficits, and Laboratory Practice James
   McKeen Cattell and Early American Experimental Psychology, 1880-1904
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID HISTORY; WUNDT
AB Despite widespread interest in individual life histories, few biographies of scientists make use of insights derived from psychology, another discipline that studies people, their thoughts, and their actions. This essay argues that recent theoretical work in psychology and tools developed for clinical psychological practice can help biographical historians of science create and present fuller portraits of their subjects' characters and temperaments and more nuanced analyses of how these traits helped shape their subjects' scientific work. To illustrate this thesis, the essay examines the early career of James McKeen Cattell-an influential late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century experimental psychologist-through a lens offered by psychology and argues that Cattell's actual laboratory practices derived from an "accommodation" to a long-standing "cognitive deficit." These practices in turn enabled Cattell to achieve more precise experimental results than could any of his contemporaries; and their students readily adopted them, along with their behavioral implications. The essay concludes that, in some ways, American psychology's early twentieth-century move toward a behavioral understanding of psychological phenomena can be traced to Cattell's personal cognitive deficit. It closes by reviewing several "remaining general questions" that this thesis suggests.
C1 Worcester Polytech Inst, Dept Humanities & Arts, Worcester, MA 01609 USA.
RP Sokal, MM (reprint author), Worcester Polytech Inst, Dept Humanities & Arts, Worcester, MA 01609 USA.
FU American Philosophical Society; American Psychological Association;
   Association for Psychological Science; National Endowment for the
   Humanities; National Science Foundation; Sigma Xi; Scientific Research
   Society; Smithsonian Institution; Worcester Polytechnic Institute
FX Since 1969, gratefully received grants (and other kinds of support) from
   the American Philosophical Society, the American Psychological
   Association, the James McKeen Cattell Fund of the Association for
   Psychological Science, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the
   National Science Foundation, Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society,
   the Smithsonian Institution, and Worcester Polytechnic Institute have
   made my research on Cattell possible. This essay was first presented at
   a joint meeting of Cheiron: The International Society for the History of
   the Social and Behavioral Sciences and the European Society for the
   History of the Human Sciences, 28 June 2007, University College, Dublin
   (see Christopher D. Green, "Cheiron/ESHHS in Dublin: Day 3,"
   http://ahp.yorku.ca/? m = 200706; accessed May 2010). Discussions with
   and (in some cases) careful readings of successive drafts by Michele L.
   Aldrich, Geoffrey Blowers, John C. Burnham, James H. Capshew, Constance
   Areson Clark, Patrick P. Dunn, Raymond E. Fancher, Pamela E. Mack,
   Katharine Milar, Jill G. Morawski, Ronald J. Overmann, Ralph Rothstein,
   William McKinley Runyan, Thomas Soderqvist, Edward Tenner, David R.
   Topper, Hendrika Vande Kemp, Fordyce Williams, three anonymous referees,
   and Isis's exceedingly talented editor, Bernard V. Lightman, have been
   especially valuable. Nonetheless, I must accept sole responsibility for
   all remaining errors of detail and logic and presentation.
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
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ER

PT J
AU Bono, JJ
AF Bono, James J.
TI Making Knowledge History, Literature, and the Poetics of Science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB As a field of study, literature and science has gradually expanded to encompass both the impact of science on literary culture and the literary-linguistic practices intrinsic to the production of scientific knowledge. Such transformations both reinforce and fundamentally recalibrate the detailed attention focused on scientific practice by historians of science since the 1980s. As a result, this essay and the Focus section it introduces suggest that history of science and literature and science are, in fact, interdependent fields. Attention to their convergences will yield better understanding of the performative dimensions of scientific practices and thence of science itself as a form of making of knowledge of things and events in the world of nature. Science as a form of making involves the convergence of things, material practices, and a panoply of meaningful artifacts-instruments of thought and action-that refuse any simple dichotomy between "text" and "action."
C1 [Bono, James J.] SUNY Buffalo, Dept Hist, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.
   [Bono, James J.] SUNY Buffalo, Dept Med, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.
RP Bono, JJ (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Hist, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 647XP
UT WOS:000281654400004
ER

PT J
AU Milburn, C
AF Milburn, Colin
TI Modifiable Futures Science Fiction at the Bench
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Science fiction remains an alien dimension of the history of science. Historical and literary studies of science have become increasingly attentive to various "literary technologies" in scientific practice, the metaphorical features of scientific discourse, and the impact of popular science writing on the social development of scientific knowledge. But the function of science fiction and even literature as such in the history of scientific and technological innovation has often been obscured, misconstrued, or repudiated owing to conventional notions of authorship, influence, and the organic unity of texts. The better to address those close encounters where scientific practice makes use of speculative fiction, this essay proposes that we instead analyze such exchanges as processes of appropriation, remixing, and modification.
C1 [Milburn, Colin] Univ Calif Davis, Dept English, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   [Milburn, Colin] Univ Calif Davis, Program Sci & Technol Studies, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
RP Milburn, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept English, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
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NR 22
TC 1
Z9 1
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD SEP
PY 2010
VL 101
IS 3
BP 560
EP 569
PG 10
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 647XP
UT WOS:000281654400005
ER

PT J
AU Otis, L
AF Otis, Laura
TI Science Surveys and Histories of Literature Reflections on an Uneasy
   Kinship
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB With their common focus on narrative, literary scholars and historians of science share a close relationship with language and can offer each other valuable interpretive insights. Particularly revealing in each field are scientists' and literary writers' changing uses of metaphor, which is critical to each kind of scholarship since both disciplines place such a high value on cultural context. Any cross-disciplinary help, however, needs to take into account the essential differences between the fields: contrasting views of what constitutes evidence and varying relationships with the past. Since both kinds of scholarship involve creating as well as analyzing narratives, each field has developed its own sense of pacing and significance, and their differing approaches to truth deserve respect.
C1 Emory Univ, Dept English, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
RP Otis, L (reprint author), Emory Univ, Dept English, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
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NR 8
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD SEP
PY 2010
VL 101
IS 3
BP 570
EP 577
PG 8
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 647XP
UT WOS:000281654400006
ER

PT J
AU Turner, HS
AF Turner, Henry S.
TI Lessons from Literature for the Historian of Science (and Vice Versa)
   Reflections on "Form"
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID POSTMODERNISM
AB This essay surveys recent discussion of the problem of form in literary studies, identifies several ways in which the notion of form might be expanded, and suggests ways in which such an expanded category of form might be useful to historians of science and literary critics alike.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept English, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
RP Turner, HS (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept English, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
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NR 16
TC 1
Z9 1
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD SEP
PY 2010
VL 101
IS 3
BP 578
EP 589
PG 12
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 647XP
UT WOS:000281654400007
ER

PT J
AU Walls, LD
AF Walls, Laura Dassow
TI Of Atoms, Oaks, and Cannibals; or, More Things That Talk
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB While literary works are often treated as museum pieces, an alternative Romantic/Pragmatic aesthetic emphasizes instead the rootedness of all texts in lived experience. This suggests that both literary and scientific texts may be approached as performances that weave together discursive and material elements, giving language to matter, both making, and becoming, "things that talk." Three authors are contrasted: Emerson uses natural objects as metaphors to complete his thought; Thoreau uses natural objects as mediators who enroll him to speak for them in the name of a wider ecology; Humboldt attempts to enroll nonhumans, namely cannibals, into the global civil community by asking them to speak for themselves. The resulting quandary unsettles the Cartesian boundary between human and nonhuman, subject and object; as scholars divided by this boundary, we must multiply our own relations, the better to understand the ties that bind us into the common project of building the Cosmos.
C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept English Language & Literatures, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
RP Walls, LD (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept English Language & Literatures, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
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NR 16
TC 1
Z9 1
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD SEP
PY 2010
VL 101
IS 3
BP 590
EP 598
PG 9
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 647XP
UT WOS:000281654400008
ER

PT J
AU Clarke, S
AF Clarke, Sabine
TI Pure Science with a Practical Aim The Meanings of Fundamental Research
   in Britain, circa 1916-1950
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID BASIC RESEARCH; SCIENTISTS; HISTORY; TECHNOLOGY; GOVERNMENT; INTERESTS;
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AB Historians tell us that the term "fundamental research" entered the discourse of science in the interwar period as a synonym for "pure science" and that both terms referred to work concerned with the search for knowledge, without thought of application. The aim of this paper is to show that when the expression "fundamental research" was used in Britain during and after World War I, it had a particular status that was not equivalent to pure science. In the annual reports of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) "fundamental research" was endowed with multiple meanings, including work that was orientated towards some practical goal. The fluidity of the meaning of "fundamental research" in the reports of the DSIR can be understood as a strategy; "fundamental research" was a rhetorical term that served to persuade more than one audience of the legitimacy of the DSIR and its policies.
C1 Univ Oxford, Wellcome Unit Hist Med, Oxford OX2 6PE, England.
RP Clarke, S (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Wellcome Unit Hist Med, 45-47 Banbury Rd, Oxford OX2 6PE, England.
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NR 59
TC 9
Z9 9
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD JUN
PY 2010
VL 101
IS 2
BP 285
EP 311
PG 27
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 611IE
UT WOS:000278807900001
ER

PT J
AU Doroshow, DB
AF Doroshow, Deborah Blythe
TI An Alarming Solution Bedwetting, Medicine, and Behavioral Conditioning
   in Mid-Twentieth-Century America
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID NOCTURNAL ENURESIS; ELECTRIC-BUZZER
AB This article explores the history of the bedwetting alarm, invented in 1938 by two psychologists to cure enuresis, or bedwetting, using the principles of classical conditioning. Infused with the optimism of behaviorism, the bedwetting alarm unexpectedly proved difficult to implement in practice, bearing a multitude of unanticipated complications that hindered its widespread acceptance. Introduced as a medical and psychological technology, in practice the alarm was also a child-rearing device, encouraging the kind of behavioristic attitudes that had prompted its initial development, while simultaneously promoting the child-centered approach that would become dominant in the early 1950s. The life story of the bedwetting alarm muddies the traditional account of how child-rearing theories progressed in tidy succession, suggesting both that behavioristic approaches did not die out in the 1930s and that elements of permissive child-rearing were being considered earlier than we traditionally assume.
C1 Yale Univ, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
RP Doroshow, DB (reprint author), Yale Univ, POB 208324, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
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NR 138
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD JUN
PY 2010
VL 101
IS 2
BP 312
EP 337
PG 26
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 611IE
UT WOS:000278807900002
ER

PT J
AU Rossi, M
AF Rossi, Michael
TI Fabricating Authenticity Modeling a Whale at the American Museum of
   Natural History, 1906-1974
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID NEW-YORK-CITY; SCIENCE
AB Historians of science have in recent years become increasingly attentive to the ways in which issues of process, matter, meaning, and value combine in the fabrication of scientific objects. This essay examines the techniques that went into the construction-and authentication-of one such scientific object: a model of a blue, or "sulfur-bottom," whale manufactured at the American Museum of Natural History in 1907. In producing their model, exhibitors at the American Museum employed a patchwork of overlapping discursive, procedural, and material techniques to argue that their fabrication was as authentic-as truthful, accurate, authoritative, and morally and aesthetically worthy of display-as an exhibit containing a real, preserved cetacean. Through an examination of the archival and published traces left by these exhibitors as they built their whale, I argue that the scientific meanings of authenticity at the American Museum were neither static nor timeless, but rather were subject to constant negotiation, examination, re-evaluation, and upkeep.
C1 MIT, HASTS, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA.
RP Rossi, M (reprint author), MIT, HASTS, 77 Massachusetts Ave,E51-185, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA.
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PT J
AU Heyck, H
   Kaiser, D
AF Heyck, Hunter
   Kaiser, David
TI Introduction
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID COLD-WAR; EARTH-SCIENCES; SOCIAL-SCIENCE; SOVIET SCIENCE; PHYSICS;
   SECURITY; STATE; CHINA
AB Twenty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Cold War looks ever more like a slice of history rather than a contemporary reality. During those same twenty years, scholarship on science, technology, and the state during the Cold War era has expanded dramatically. Building on major studies of physics in the American context-often couched in terms of "big science"-recent work has broached scientific efforts in other domains as well, scrutinizing Cold War scholarship in increasingly international and comparative frameworks. The essays in this Focus section take stock of current thinking about science and the Cold War, revisiting the question of how best to understand tangled (and sometimes surprising) relationships between government patronage and the world of ideas.
C1 [Heyck, Hunter] Univ Oklahoma, Dept Hist Sci, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
   [Kaiser, David] MIT, Program Sci Technol & Soc, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
RP Heyck, H (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Dept Hist Sci, PHSC 601,601 Elm St, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
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AU Wang, ZY
AF Wang, Zuoyue
TI Transnational Science during the Cold War The Case of Chinese/American
   Scientists
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID HISTORY
AB This essay examines the experiences of about five thousand Chinese students/scientists in the United States after the Communist takeover of mainland China in 1949. These experiences illustrate the often hidden transnational movements of people, instruments, and ideas in science and technology across the Iron Curtain during the Cold War. I argue that those hundreds who returned to China represented a partial "Americanization" of Chinese science and technology, while the rest of the group staying in the United States contributed to a transnationalization of the American scientific community.
C1 Calif State Polytech Univ Pomona, Dept Hist, Pomona, CA 91768 USA.
RP Wang, ZY (reprint author), Calif State Polytech Univ Pomona, Dept Hist, 3801 W Temple Ave, Pomona, CA 91768 USA.
EM zywang@csupomona.edu
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PT J
AU Macrakis, K
AF Macrakis, Kristie
TI Technophilic Hubris and Espionage Styles during the Cold War
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB During the Cold War the United States developed an espionage style that reflected its love affair with technology (technophilia) whereas the Soviet Union and the East Bloc continued a tradition of using humans to collect intelligence. This essay places the origins and development of these espionage styles during the Cold War in historical and social context, and assesses their strengths and weaknesses by drawing on examples from particular cases. While the United States won the Cold War, the East Bloc won the spy wars because of a more effective espionage style. I conclude with some reflections on the uses of history for future policy, and suggest areas for further study.
C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Hist Technol & Soc, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
RP Macrakis, K (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Hist Technol & Soc, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
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AU Erickson, P
AF Erickson, Paul
TI Mathematical Models, Rational Choice, and the Search for Cold War
   Culture
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID OPERATIONS-RESEARCH
AB A key feature of the social, behavioral, and biological sciences after World War II has been the widespread adoption of new mathematical techniques drawn from cybernetics, information theory, and theories of rational choice. Historians of science have typically sought to explain this adoption either by reference to military patronage, or to a characteristic Cold War culture or discursive framework strongly shaped by the concerns of national security. This essay explores several episodes in the history of game theory-a mathematical theory of rational choice-that demonstrate the limits of such explanations. Military funding was indeed critical to game theory's early development in the 1940s. However, the theory's subsequent spread across disciplines ranging from political science to evolutionary biology was the result of a diverse collection of debates about the nature of "rationality" and "choice" that marked the Cold War era. These debates are not easily reduced to the national security imperatives that have been the focus of much historiography to date.
C1 Wesleyan Univ, Dept Hist, Publ Affairs Ctr 113, Middletown, CT 06459 USA.
RP Erickson, P (reprint author), Wesleyan Univ, Dept Hist, Publ Affairs Ctr 113, Middletown, CT 06459 USA.
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PT J
AU Engerman, DC
AF Engerman, David C.
TI Social Science in the Cold War
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID REVOLUTION
AB This essay examines ways in which American social science in the late twentieth century was-and was not-a creature of the Cold War. It identifies important work by historians that calls into question the assumption that all social science during the Cold War amounts to "Cold War social science." These historians attribute significant agency to social scientists, showing how they were enmeshed in both long-running disciplinary discussions and new institutional environments. Key trends in this scholarship include a broadening historical perspective to see social scientists in the Cold War as responding to the ideas of their scholarly predecessors; identifying the institutional legacies of World War II; and examining in close detail the products of extramural-especially governmental-funding. The result is a view of social science in the Cold War in which national security concerns are relevant, but with varied and often unexpected impacts on intellectual life.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Dept Hist, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
RP Engerman, DC (reprint author), Brandeis Univ, Dept Hist, Mailstop 036, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
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PT J
AU Lemov, R
AF Lemov, Rebecca
TI "Hypothetical Machines" The Science Fiction Dreams of Cold War Social
   Science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The introspectometer was a "hypothetical machine" Robert K. Merton introduced in the course of a 1956 how-to manual describing an actual research technique, the focused interview. This technique, in turn, formed the basis of wartime morale research and consumer behavior studies as well as perhaps the most ubiquitous social science tool, the focus group. This essay explores a new perspective on Cold War social science made possible by comparing two kinds of apparatuses: one real, the other imaginary. Even as Merton explored the nightmare potential of such machines, he suggested that the clear aim of social science was to build them or their functional equivalent: recording machines to access a person's experiential stream of reality, with the ability to turn this stream into real-time data. In this way, the introspectometer marks and symbolizes a broader entry during the Cold War of science-fiction-style aspirations into methodological prescriptions and procedural manuals. This essay considers the growth of the genre of methodological visions and revisions, painstakingly argued and absorbed, but punctuated by sci-fi aims to transform "the human" and build newly penetrating machines. It also considers the place of the nearly real-, and the artificial "near-substitute" as part of an experimental urge that animated these sciences.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sci Ctr 371, Dept Hist Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Lemov, R (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sci Ctr 371, Dept Hist Sci, 1 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
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PT J
AU De Bont, R
AF De Bont, Raf
TI Organisms in Their Milieu Alfred Giard, His Pupils, and Early Ethology,
   1870-1930
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID ECOLOGY
AB This essay tells the story of early French ethology-"the science dealing with the habits of living beings and their relations, both with each other and with the cosmic environment." The driving force behind this "ethological movement" was the biologist Alfred Giard (1846-1908). The essay discusses how the ethological viewpoint of Giard and his pupils developed in a period in which the current disciplines of field biology were not yet crystallized. It also shows how concepts and research interests could travel within Giard's network from one working context to another, even from one discipline to another. By studying this traveling process, the essay reveals that, unlike the modern ethology of Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen, Giard's ethology was not a discipline at all but, rather, a scientific attitude. This scientific attitude triggered a reappraisal of fieldwork, but at the same time Giard's ethology was never limited to the field alone. It also found its way to the laboratory, the museum, and the zoo.
C1 Univ Leuven, Res Fdn Flanders, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
RP De Bont, R (reprint author), Univ Leuven, Res Fdn Flanders, Blijde Inkomststr 21-5, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
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PT J
AU Hoquet, T
AF Hoquet, Thierry
TI History without Time Buffon's Natural History as a Nonmathematical
   Physique
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB While "natural history" is practically synonymous with the name of Buffon, the term itself has been otherwise overlooked by historians of science. This essay attempts to address this omission by investigating the meanings of "physique," "natural philosophy," and " history," among other terms, with the purpose of understanding Buffon's actual objectives. It also shows that Buffon never claimed to be a Newtonian and should not be considered as such; the goal is to provide a historical analysis that resituates Buffon's thought within his own era. This is done, primarily, by eschewing the often-studied question of time in Buffon. Instead, this study examines the nontemporal meanings of the word " history" within the naturalist's theory and method. The title of his Natural History is examined both as an indicator of the kind of science that Buffon was hoping to achieve and as a source of great misinterpretation among his peers. Unlike Buffon, many of his contemporaries actually envisioned the study of nature from a Baconian perspective where history was restricted to the mere collection of facts and where philosophy, which was the implicit and ultimate goal of studying nature, was seen, at least for the present, as unrealizable. Buffon confronts this tendency insofar as his Histoire naturelle claims to be the real physique that, along with describing nature, also sought to identify general laws and provide clear insight into what true knowledge of nature is or should be. According to Buffon, history (both natural and civil) is not analogous to mathematics; it is a nonmathematical method whose scope encompasses both nature and society. This methodological stance gives rise to the "physicization" of certain moral concepts-a gesture that was interpreted by his contemporaries as Epicurean and atheist. In addition, Buffon reduces a number of metaphysically tainted historical concepts (e. g., antediluvian monuments) to objects of physical analysis, thereby confronting the very foundation of natural theology. In Buffon, as this essay makes clear, natural history is paving the way for a new physique (science of natural beings), independent from mathematics and from God, that treats naturalia in a philosophical and "historical" manner that is not necessarily "temporal."
C1 Univ Nanterre, Dept Philosophy, F-92001 Nanterre, France.
RP Hoquet, T (reprint author), Univ Nanterre, Dept Philosophy, 200 Ave Republ, F-92001 Nanterre, France.
EM thierry.hoquet@u-paris10.fr
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PT J
AU Kirk, RGW
AF Kirk, Robert G. W.
TI A Brave New Animal for a Brave New World The British Laboratory Animals
   Bureau and the Constitution of International Standards of Laboratory
   Animal Production and Use, circa 1947-1968
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID ORIGINS; MODELS
AB In 1947 the Medical Research Council of Britain established the Laboratory Animals Bureau in order to develop national standards of animal production that would enable commercial producers better to provide for the needs of laboratory animal users. Under the directorship of William Lane-Petter, the bureau expanded well beyond this remit, pioneering a new discipline of "laboratory animal science" and becoming internationally known as a producer of pathogenically and genetically standardized laboratory animals. The work of this organization, later renamed the Laboratory Animals Centre, and of Lane-Petter did much to systematize worldwide standards for laboratory animal production and provision-for example, by prompting the formation of the International Committee on Laboratory Animals. This essay reconstructs how the bureau became an internationally recognized center of expertise and argues that standardization discourses within science are inherently internationalizing. It traces the dynamic co-constitution of standard laboratory animals alongside that of the identities of the users, producers, and regulators of laboratory animals. This process is shown to have brought into being a transnational community with shared conceptual understandings and material practices grounded in the materiality of the laboratory animal, conceived as an instrumental technology.
C1 Univ Manchester, Ctr Hist Sci Technol & Med, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
RP Kirk, RGW (reprint author), Univ Manchester, Ctr Hist Sci Technol & Med, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
EM robert.g.kirk@manchester.ac.uk
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PT J
AU Sivasundaram, S
AF Sivasundaram, Sujit
TI Introduction
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB An interest in global histories of science is not new. Yet the project envisioned by this Focus section is different from that pursued by natural historians and natural philosophers in the early modern age. Instead of tracing universal patterns, there is value in attending to the connections and disconnections of science on the global stage. Instead of assuming the precision of science's boundaries, historians might consider the categories of "science" and "indigenous knowledge" to have emerged from globalization. New global histories of science will be characterized by critical reflection on the limits of generalization, as well as a creative adoption of new sources, methods, and chronologies, in an attempt to decenter the European history of science. Such a project holds the promise of opening up new conversations between historians, anthropologists, philosophers, and sociologists of science. It is of critical importance if the discipline is not to fragment into regional and national subfields or become dominated by structural frameworks such as imperialism.
C1 London Sch Econ & Polit Sci, Dept Int Hist, London WC2A 2AE, England.
RP Sivasundaram, S (reprint author), London Sch Econ & Polit Sci, Dept Int Hist, Houghton St, London WC2A 2AE, England.
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PT J
AU Elshakry, M
AF Elshakry, Marwa
TI When Science Became Western Historiographical Reflections
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB While thinking about the notion of the "global" in the history of the history of science, this essay examines a related but equally basic concept: the idea of "Western science." Tracing its rise in the nineteenth century, it shows how it developed as much outside the Western world as within it. Ironically, while the idea itself was crucial for the disciplinary formation of the history of science, the global history behind this story has not been much attended to. Drawing on examples from nineteenth-century Egypt and China, the essay begins by looking at how international vectors of knowledge production (viz., missionaries and technocrats) created new global histories of science through the construction of novel genealogies and through a process of conceptual syncretism. Turning next to the work of early professional historians of science, it shows how Arabic and Chinese knowledge traditions were similarly reinterpreted in light of the modern sciences, now viewed as part of a diachronic and universalist teleology ending in "Western science." It concludes by arguing that examining the global emergence of the idea of Western science in this way highlights key questions pertaining to the relation of the history of science to knowledge traditions across the world and the continuing search for global histories of science.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Hist, New York, NY 10027 USA.
RP Elshakry, M (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Dept Hist, 611 Fayerweather Hall, New York, NY 10027 USA.
CR Dear P, 2005, ISIS, V96, P390, DOI 10.1086/447747
   Elshakry M, 2007, PAST PRESENT, P173, DOI 10.1093/pastj/gtm006
   Elshakry MS, 2008, ISIS, V99, P701
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PT J
AU Tilley, H
AF Tilley, Helen
TI Global Histories, Vernacular Science, and African Genealogies; or, Is
   the History of Science Ready for the World?
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Scholars in imperial and science studies have recently begun to examine more systematically the different ways knowledge systems around the world have intersected. This essay concentrates on one aspect of this process, the codification of research into "primitive" or "indigenous" knowledge, especially knowledge that was transmitted orally, and argues that such investigations were a by-product of four interrelated phenomena: the globalization of the sciences themselves, particularly those fields that took the earth and its inhabitants as their object of analysis; the professionalization of anthropology and its growing emphasis on studying other cultures' medical, technical, and natural knowledge; the European push, in the late nineteenth century, toward "global colonialism" and the ethnographic research that accompanied colonial state building; and, finally, colonized and marginalized peoples' challenges to scientific epistemologies and their paradoxical call that scientists study their knowledge systems more carefully. These phenomena came together on a global scale in the decades surrounding the turn of the twentieth century to produce a subgenre of research within the sciences, here labeled "vernacular science," focused explicitly on "native" knowledge.
C1 Univ London, Dept Hist Class & Archaeol, Birkbeck Coll, London WC1E 7HX, England.
RP Tilley, H (reprint author), Univ London, Dept Hist Class & Archaeol, Birkbeck Coll, Malet St, London WC1E 7HX, England.
CR AGASSIZ L, 1869, J BRAZIL, P339
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PT J
AU Kapila, S
AF Kapila, Shruti
TI The Enchantment of Science in India
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB In critiquing methodologies of the "global" as a spatial unit of analysis or a receptacle for influence across the planet, this essay positions India so as to assess the role and forms of science in the modern world. By taking the mid-nineteenth century as a moment of departure, it asks why, under what conditions, and to what effects Indians accepted science, but not biomedicine, in the high noon of colonialism. Existing imperial histories of science that are primarily fixated on the eighteenth century cast science as a site of exchange and dialogue, thus replicating the narrative of European expansion overseas. Instead, the power of science is here understood in the context of the politics of religion and rationality. In a synoptic overview, the essay assesses the archaeology of science and the blurred practices between religion and science, described here as "insurgent." It argues that science in India was a form of enchantment, while religion had become a form of disenchanted but rational knowledge. Unlike in Europe, and contrary to orientalist positions, science in India neither declared the death of God nor became "spiritualized" via religion. Instead, science inflected religion; and religion, in turn, facilitated a rational mediation between science and man. This specific relationship accounts for the "soft landing" of science in India and its usurpation in the service of an unapologetic national modernity.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Corpus Christi Coll, Cambridge CB2 1RH, England.
RP Kapila, S (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Corpus Christi Coll, Cambridge CB2 1RH, England.
EM sk555@cam.ac.uk
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PT J
AU Safier, N
AF Safier, Neil
TI Global Knowledge on the Move Itineraries, Amerindian Narratives, and
   Deep Histories of Science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Since Bruno Latour's discussion of a Sakhalin island map used by La Perouse as part of a global network of "immutable mobiles," the commensurability of European and non-European knowledge has become an important issue for historians of science. But recent studies have challenged these dichotomous categories as reductive and inadequate for understanding the fluid nature of identities, their relational origins, and their historically constituted character. Itineraries of knowledge transfer, traced in the wake of objects and individuals, offer a powerful heuristic alternative, bypassing artificial epistemological divides and avoiding the limited scale of national or monolingual frames. Approaches that place undue emphasis either on the omnipotence of the imperial center or the centrality of the colonial periphery see only half the picture. Instead, practices of knowledge collection, codification, elaboration, and dissemination-in European, indigenous, and mixed or hybrid contexts-can be better understood by following their moveable parts, with a keen sensitivity toward non-normative epistemologies and more profound temporal frameworks.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Hist, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
RP Safier, N (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Hist, 1873 E Mall,Room 1297, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
CR DACUNHA MC, 2007, REV USP, V75, P76
   FERREIRA AR, 1972, VIAGEM FILOSOFICA PE, P67
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PT J
AU Sivasundaram, S
AF Sivasundaram, Sujit
TI Sciences and the Global On Methods, Questions, and Theory
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This essay explores the mechanics of researching and writing globally oriented histories of science. Thinking about how to approach sources is vital, especially given how often historians of science use the excuse of a lack of sources for constraining their projects to European topics. The first section suggests a method of cross-contextualization, where scarce and unorthodox sources are read within and alongside more plentiful and traditional ones. The next section considers historiography, critiquing the continuing hold of the terms "colonial" and "national" in current work that aspires to be more global. The final section considers practice and network theory, asking whether the way we utilize these tools in fact returns us, instinctively, to European and Eurocentric ways of conceiving how science works.
C1 London Sch Econ & Polit Sci, Dept Int Hist, London WC2A 2AE, England.
RP Sivasundaram, S (reprint author), London Sch Econ & Polit Sci, Dept Int Hist, Houghton St, London WC2A 2AE, England.
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PT J
AU Lucier, P
AF Lucier, Paul
TI The Professional and the Scientist in Nineteenth-Century America
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID APPLIED-SCIENCE; X-CLUB; GENTLEMEN; GEOLOGY; PURE; MEN
AB In nineteenth-century America, there was no such person as a "professional scientist." There were professionals and there were scientists, but they were very different. Professionals were men of science who engaged in commercial relations with private enterprises and took fees for their services. Scientists were men of science who rejected such commercial work and feared the corrupting influences of cash and capitalism. Professionals portrayed themselves as active and useful members of an entrepreneurial polity, while scientists styled themselves as crusading reformers, promoters of a purer science and a more research-oriented university. It was this new ideology, embodied in these new institutions, that spurred these reformers to adopt a special name for themselves" scientists." One object of this essay, then, is to explain the peculiar Gilded Age, American origins of that ubiquitous term. A larger goal is to explore the different social roles of the professional and the scientist. By attending to the particular vocabulary employed at the time, this essay tries to make clear why a "professional scientist" would have been a contradiction in terms for both the professional and the scientist in nineteenth-century America.
RP Lucier, P (reprint author), 35 Bethany Rd, Wakefield, RI 02879 USA.
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PT J
AU Manias, C
AF Manias, Chris
TI The Race prussienne Controversy Scientific Internationalism and the
   Nation
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID WORLD-WAR-I; SCIENCE; GERMANY; MANIPULATION
AB This essay examines a dispute between the French and German anthropological communities in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War. While the debate ostensibly revolved around the ethnological classification of the Prussian population presented in Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages's La race prussienne, this overlays much deeper points of contention, presenting a case study of how commitments to nationalism and internationalism in late nineteenth-century science were not mutually exclusive but could operate in a highly synergistic manner, even during periods of intense international crisis. In the controversy, a group of scholars attempted to reconcile national rivalries with a commitment to scientific universalism and define how anthropological ideas of race and progress related to political developments. The French and German communities retained similar views that anthropology was an international science and that politically defined nationality was separate from scientifically discerned race. Yet they nevertheless regarded their work as strongly affected by processes of national consolidation and employed the language of scientific universalism to accuse their rivals of misusing science for political purposes.
C1 German Hist Inst London, London 2NJ, England.
RP Manias, C (reprint author), German Hist Inst London, 17 Bloomsbury Sq, London 2NJ, England.
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AU Schlich, T
AF Schlich, Thomas
TI The Perfect Machine Lorenz Bohler's Rationalized Fracture Treatment in
   World War I
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID OBJECTIVITY; MANAGEMENT; MEDICINE
AB This essay examines Lorenz Bohler's modernist system of rationalized fracture care as a particular case of medical rationalization and standardization. Bohler's locally created culture of standardized practices is analyzed in the context of its concrete work environment but also situated in relation to aspects of its wider cultural environment. It will be described as part of a more general trend of body-based rationalization efforts in industry and health care, in which the machine metaphor was used to characterize both the body and the work process. The project's origins in World War I will be discussed, as well as its subsequent migration to a civilian setting and its resonance with postwar Viennese modernism, to which it contributed. The essay aims at contributing to a historically informed discussion of medical rationalization and standardization as a heterogeneous, value-laden, and historically contingent phenomenon.
C1 McGill Univ, Dept Social Studies Med, Montreal, PQ H3A 1X1, Canada.
RP Schlich, T (reprint author), McGill Univ, Dept Social Studies Med, 3647 Peel St, Montreal, PQ H3A 1X1, Canada.
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AU White, P
AF White, Paul
TI FOCUS: THE EMOTIONAL ECONOMY OF SCIENCE Introduction
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB With rare exceptions, the emotions have received little attention from historians of science. Indeed, for the modern period, interest in the field has moved in the opposite direction, as it were, toward a history of objectivity. This essay addresses methodological and historical assumptions about the nature of emotions and their place in science that limit our engagement with emotions as historical objects and agents. It outlines several approaches that situate the emotions within scientific practice, including the practices of objectivity and of the scientific self.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Cambridge CB2 3RH, England.
RP White, P (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Free Sch Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RH, England.
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AU Alberti, FB
AF Alberti, Fay Bound
TI Bodies, Hearts, and Minds Why Emotions Matter to Historians of Science
   and Medicine
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The histories of emotion address many fundamental themes of science and medicine. These include the ways the body and its workings have been historically observed and measured, the rise of the mind sciences, and the anthropological analyses by which "ways of knowing" are culturally situated. Yet such histories bring their own challenges, not least in how historians of science and medicine view the relationship between bodies, minds, and emotions. This essay explores some of the methodological challenges of emotion history, using the sudden death of the surgeon John Hunter from cardiac disease as a case study. It argues that we need to let go of many of our modern assumptions about the origin of emotions, and "brainhood," that dominate discussions of identity, in order to explore the historical meanings of emotions as products of the body as well as the mind.
C1 Queen Mary Univ London, Dept Hist, London 1 4NS, England.
RP Alberti, FB (reprint author), Queen Mary Univ London, Dept Hist, London 1 4NS, England.
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PT J
AU White, P
AF White, Paul
TI Darwin's Emotions The Scientific Self and the Sentiment of Objectivity
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID DARWIN,CHARLES
AB Darwin's emotional life has been a preoccupation of biographers and popularizers, while his research on emotional expression has been of keen interest to anthropologists and psychologists. Much can be gained, however, by looking at Darwin's emotions from both sides, by examining the relationship between his emotional experience and his scientific study of emotion. Darwin developed various techniques for distancing himself from his objects of study and for extracting emotional "objects" from feeling subjects. In order to investigate emotions scientifically, his own emotional life, his feelings for others, had to give way-or did it? This question has implications well beyond the life of Darwin, moral implications about the effects of scientific discipline on those who practice it and on the animals and people subjected to it. This dual approach to Darwin's emotions also allows us to address a conundrum of recent histories of "objectivity"-namely, the status of the scientific self as a feeling subject.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Cambridge CB2 3RH, England.
RP White, P (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Free Sch Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RH, England.
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PT J
AU Hayward, R
AF Hayward, Rhodri
TI Enduring Emotions James L. Halliday and the Invention of the
   Psychosocial
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Emotions maintain an ambivalent position in the economy of science. In contemporary debates they are variously seen as hardwired biological responses, cultural artifacts, or uneasy mixtures of the two. At the same time, there is a tension between the approaches to emotion developed in modern psychotherapies and in the history of science. While historians see the successful ascription of affective states to individuals and populations as a social and technical achievement, the psychodynamic practitioner treats these enduring associations as pathological accidents that need to be overcome. This short essay uses the career of the Glaswegian public health investigator James L. Halliday to examine how debates over the ontological status of the emotions and their durability allow them to travel between individual identity and political economy, making possible new kinds of psychological intervention.
C1 Queen Mary Univ London, Dept Hist, London 1 4NS, England.
RP Hayward, R (reprint author), Queen Mary Univ London, Dept Hist, London 1 4NS, England.
EM hayward@qmul.ac.uk
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PT J
AU Wilson, EA
AF Wilson, Elizabeth A.
TI "Would I Had Him with Me Always" Affects of Longing in Early Artificial
   Intelligence
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The science of artificial intelligence (AI) is not as unemotional as it might first appear. Not only are researchers in the field now taking an interest in how to program affective capacities into artificial agents; there is also plenty of historical evidence that concerns about affect have been present in AI from the earliest years. Examination of archival materials from the 1940s and 1950s shows that affects (particularly as they circulate between men) have been a significant part of innovation in AI from the beginning. This essay looks at one fragment of that history: the currents of affective and sexual interests in and around Walter Pitts, one of the important, eccentric, and little-written-about founders of AI.
C1 Emory Univ, Dept Womens Studies, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
RP Wilson, EA (reprint author), Emory Univ, Dept Womens Studies, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
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PT J
AU Dror, OE
AF Dror, Otniel E.
TI Afterword A Reflection on Feelings and the History of Science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This reflection attends to Paul White's call in his introduction to this Focus section for a history of science that is informed by the history of emotions. It offers a succinct historical exemplification of the possibilities of studying the history of science in terms of the history of emotions. It draws on Raymond Williams's concept of "structure of feeling" in arguing for the emergence of an adrenaline structure of feeling during the early twentieth century. It provides a mosaic of different views of the immanence of the adrenaline structure of feeling in diverse scientific realms by broaching some of the major themes that appear in the individual essays in this Focus section.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Med, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
RP Dror, OE (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Med, POB 12272, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
EM otnield@ekmd.huji.ac.il
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PT J
AU Rego, B
AF Rego, Brianna
TI The Polonium Brief A Hidden History of Cancer, Radiation, and the
   Tobacco Industry
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID CIGARETTE-SMOKE; LUNG-CANCER; ALPHA-RADIATION; RADIOACTIVITY; HAMSTERS;
   PO-210
AB The first scientific paper on polonium-210 in tobacco was published in 1964, and in the following decades there would be more research linking radioisotopes in cigarettes with lung cancer in smokers. While external scientists worked to determine whether polonium could be a cause of lung cancer, industry scientists silently pursued similar work with the goal of protecting business interests should the polonium problem ever become public. Despite forty years of research suggesting that polonium is a leading carcinogen in tobacco, the manufacturers have not made a definitive move to reduce the concentration of radioactive isotopes in cigarettes. The polonium story therefore presents yet another chapter in the long tradition of industry use of science and scientific authority in an effort to thwart disease prevention. The impressive extent to which tobacco manufacturers understood the hazards of polonium and the high executive level at which the problem and potential solutions were discussed within the industry are exposed here by means of internal documents made available through litigation.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Hist, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
RP Rego, B (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Hist, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM brianna.rego@stanford.edu
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PT J
AU Richmond, J
AF Richmond, Jesse
TI Design and Dissent Religion, Authority, and the Scientific Spirit of
   Robert Broom
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID TAUNGS SKULL; WILBERFORCE; HUXLEY; APE
AB The paleontologist Robert Broom developed an image of himself as a scientific rebel, assailing the centers of expert authority from the margins as he pursued a career whose idiosyncratic path was dictated less by the promise of professional security or material reward than by the whims of his curiosity and the desire to be free of institutional constraint. In the 1930s Broom put forward an idiosyncratic evolutionary theory that rejected both Lamarckian and Darwinian mechanisms in favor of "spiritual agencies" responsible for the evolutionary process. He characterized his views as a dissent from the orthodox evolutionary thought of most scientific authorities, and he believed such acts of dissent to be integral to the virtuous conduct of science. Broom was drawing on a familiar trope in the history of the sciences-that of the scientist as a heroic rebel. However, the religious inflection of Broom's theory, and his characterization of fellow scientists as purveyors of orthodoxy, reverses the more common form of the trope, which associates religion with orthodoxy and institutional authority.
C1 [Richmond, Jesse] Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Hist, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   [Richmond, Jesse] Univ Calif San Diego, Sci Studies Program, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
RP Richmond, J (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Hist, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
FU Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; UCSD Center
   for the Humanities
FX My thanks to Naomi Oreskes, Greg Radick, and the editors and anonymous
   referees at Isis for their helpful comments and criticisms. Research for
   this article was aided by funds provided by the Social Sciences and
   Humanities Research Council of Canada and the UCSD Center for the
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PT J
AU Valverde, N
AF Valverde, Nuria
TI Small Parts Crisostomo Martinez (1638-1694), Bone Histology, and the
   Visual Making of Body Wholeness
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID ART
AB The Valencian engraver Crisostomo Martinez (ca. 1638-1694) arrived in Paris in July 1687, commissioned to create an anatomical atlas. Impressed by Govard Bidloo's Anatomia humani corporis (1685), Martinez decided to make a comparable work on osteology. His unpublished atlas of anatomy was exceptional in its choice of topic, its quality, and its overall visual approach. Martinez's work revolves around the dissolving effects of microscopic study on the traditional understanding of the connections between parts and whole. Underlying his investigation into the most effective composition of an anatomical atlas was the idea of the self-organizing and complex nature of the body as itself a composition, an idea rooted in the way observation and judgment, the seen and the unseen, and notions about collections and communities were connected in the vanitas culture. This essay explores the links between Martinez's work and the cultures of a time in which observation and interpretation of the processes of death, decay, and fragmentation played a primary role in defining a common human nature around which notions of destiny could be articulated.
RP Valverde, N (reprint author), Calle Linneo 18, Madrid 28005, Spain.
EM nvalverdep@gmail.com
FU CSIC ( Spanish National Research Council); European Social Fund; Formas
   de conocimiento de la naturaleza en la Monarquia hispanica en la era de
   la ciencia moderna [DGI, HUM2004-02590]
FX The research for this work was part of the subproject "El ojo cautivado:
   Tecnicas y practicas de observacion cientifica en imagenes (1600-1900),"
   supported by the CSIC ( Spanish National Research Council) and the
   European Social Fund. It was integrated under the project "Ciencia,
   corte e imperio: Formas de conocimiento de la naturaleza en la Monarquia
   hispanica en la era de la ciencia moderna (1600-1800)" (MEC, 13 Dec.
   2004-12 Dec. 2007; DGI, HUM2004-02590), which also provided funding to
   help support this research. I am grateful to Jan Rupp and two other
   anonymous referees for their comments and suggestions, which have helped
   me to clarify some points in this essay and to improve it as a whole.
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AU Browne, J
AF Browne, Janet
TI Looking at Darwin Portraits and the Making of an Icon
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID PRESIDENTIAL-ADDRESS; EVOLUTION; CELEBRATION
AB With increased attention on the visual in the history of science, there is renewed interest in the role of portraiture and other forms of personal imagery in constructing scientific reputation and the circulation of scientific ideas. This essay indicates some directions in which researchers could push forward by studying the dissemination of pictures and portraits of Charles Darwin. Selected portraits are discussed, with particular attention paid to their circulation. The mode of production and original intent of these portraits is briefly addressed, but the thrust of the argument is to highlight subsequent shifts in usage. While self-fashioning is an important part of the story, it is useful also to dwell on the rise and diversification of printed media in conjunction with escalating interest in Darwin as a celebrity figure. Historicizing the variety of opportunities that people have had of "looking" at Darwin adds considerably to our understanding of scientific fame.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Browne, J (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Sci Ctr 371,1 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM jbrowne@fas.harvard.edu
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PT J
AU Clark, CA
AF Clark, Constance Areson
TI "You Are Here" Missing Links, Chains of Being, and the Language of
   Cartoons
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SCOPES TRIAL; EVOLUTION; PICTURES; SCIENCE; DARWIN,CHARLES
AB Evolution cartoons served polemical and satirical purposes even before Darwin published On the Origin of Species, and they proliferated afterward. Yet even though Victorian evolution cartoons often pictured Darwin himself as a personification of his theory, by the time of the Scopes trial controversy in the 1920s cartoons about evolution had come to popularize ironically non-Darwinian views of evolution. Cartoons repeated, reflected, and perpetuated teleological views of evolution and often implicitly associated evolution with prevalent attitudes about race, gender, and social hierarchies. Cartoons drew on old iconographic traditions, expanding them to fit changing historical circumstances, forming a lasting cartoon lexicon. Though adaptable and protean, the language of evolution cartoons, like any language, carries its history with it, and in them we can read the history of the cultural context of evolution controversies.
C1 Worcester Polytech Inst, Dept Humanities & Arts, Worcester, MA 01609 USA.
RP Clark, CA (reprint author), Worcester Polytech Inst, Dept Humanities & Arts, 100 Inst Rd, Worcester, MA 01609 USA.
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PT J
AU Smocovitis, VB
AF Smocovitis, Vassiliki Betty
TI Singing His Praises Darwin and His Theory in Song and Musical Production
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID DARWIN,CHARLES
AB This essay offers a chronological survey of the range of songs and musical productions inspired by Darwin and his theory since they entered the public sphere some 150 years ago. It draws on an unusual set of historical materials, including illustrated sheet music, lyrics and librettos, wax cylinder recordings, vinyl records, and video recordings located in digital and sound archives and on the Internet. It also offers a characterization of the varied genres and a literary analysis of the forms as a way of understanding the diverse audiences engaging, and indeed "entertaining," Darwin and the implications of his theory. It argues that the engagement with Darwin and his celebrated theory is far more creative than has been appreciated and recommends that historians of science further explore Darwin and his theory as embodied in a fuller range of cultural expressions. This will lead to an understanding of Darwin's "iconic" status that draws on a fuller range of human sensory experience and that also enables us to appreciate his-and his theory's-enduring power to engage the human imagination.
C1 [Smocovitis, Vassiliki Betty] Univ Florida, Dept Bot & Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
   [Smocovitis, Vassiliki Betty] Univ Florida, Dept Hist, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
RP Smocovitis, VB (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Bot & Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
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PT J
AU Vicedo, M
AF Vicedo, Marga
TI The Father of Ethology and the Foster Mother of Ducks Konrad Lorenz as
   Expert on Motherhood
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID INNATE BEHAVIOR; HOSPITALISM; LORENZ,KONRAD; PERSONALITY; INSTINCT;
   DRIVE; CHILD
AB Konrad Lorenz's popularity in the United States has to be understood in the context of social concern about the mother-infant dyad after World War II. Child analysts David Levy, Rene Spitz, Margarethe Ribble, Therese Benedek, and John Bowlby argued that many psychopathologies were caused by a disruption in the mother-infant bond. Lorenz extended his work on imprinting to humans and argued that maternal care was also instinctual. The conjunction of psychoanalysis and ethology helped shore up the view that the mother-child dyad rests on an instinctual basis and is the cradle of personality formation. Amidst the Cold War emphasis on rebuilding an emotionally sound society, these views received widespread attention. Thus Lorenz built on the social relevance of psychoanalysis, while analysts gained legitimacy by drawing on the scientific authority of biology. Lorenz's work was central in a rising discourse that blamed the mother for emotional degeneration and helped him recast his eugenic fears in a socially acceptable way.
C1 Univ Toronto, Inst Hist & Philosophy Sci & Technol, Victoria Coll 316, Toronto, ON M4Y 1M4, Canada.
RP Vicedo, M (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Inst Hist & Philosophy Sci & Technol, Victoria Coll 316, 91 Charles St W, Toronto, ON M4Y 1M4, Canada.
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AU Porter, TM
AF Porter, Theodore M.
TI How Science Became Technical
SO ISIS
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DT Article
AB Not until the twentieth century did science come to be regarded as fundamentally technical in nature. A technical field, after all, meant not just a difficult one, but one relying on concepts and vocabulary that matter only to specialists. The alternative, to identify science with an ideal of public reason, attained its peak of influence in the late nineteenth century. While the scale and applicability of science advanced enormously after 1900, scientists have more and more preferred the detached objectivity of service to bureaucratic experts over the cultivation of an engaged public. This reshaping of science, which has been both celebrated and condemned, provided a stimulus to the incipient field of history of science, and it remains a key historical problem.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Hist, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
RP Porter, TM (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Hist, 6265 Bunche Hall,Box 951473, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
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AU Topham, JR
AF Topham, Jonathan R.
TI Introduction
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SCIENCE; POPULARIZATION; KNOWLEDGE; CULTURE
AB While historical studies of "popular science," variously conceived, have grown in number and sophistication, they have sometimes seemed marginal to the discipline. James Secord's recent call to reintegrate the histories of both science popularization and science in popular culture within a more comprehensive history of " knowledge in transit" promises to overcome this marginalization. At the same time, however, Secord suggests that " popular science" should be abandoned as a " neutral descriptive term" because it is historically freighted, not least with " diffusionist baggage." This Focus section explores the historical and historiographical implications of abandoning an essentialist definition of " popular science" and of examining instead its complex and varied history as an actors' category during the last two centuries. The essays emphasize the importance of transnational and interdisciplinary perspectives in exploring the very diverse ways in which the discourses and practices of " popular science" have been employed. In addition, they consider the implications of the modernity of such discourses and practices for the history of science in the longue duree.
C1 Univ Leeds, Dept Philosophy, Ctr Hist & Philosophy Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
RP Topham, JR (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Dept Philosophy, Ctr Hist & Philosophy Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
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PT J
AU O'Connor, R
AF O'Connor, Ralph
TI Reflections on Popular Science in Britain Genres, Categories, and
   Historians
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID OF-SCIENCE
AB This essay surveys the historiography of popular science in Britain since 1994 and suggests two further ways in which the history of popular science might be reintegrated with larger narratives and concerns. First, it suggests that a closer and more systematic engagement with literary history, especially in relation to genre, has the potential to transform our understanding of science as a set of communicative practices. Second, it analyzes current historians' usage of the categories "popular science" and "science popularization" and argues against the view that these categories should be expunged from our vocabulary (except as actors' categories). Handled correctly, these "umbrella-labels" can function as vital tools of communication with other disciplines and wider constituencies, as well as within our own field.
C1 Univ Aberdeen, Dept Hist, Old Aberdeen AB24 3UB, Scotland.
RP O'Connor, R (reprint author), Univ Aberdeen, Dept Hist, Crombie Annexe,Meston Walk, Old Aberdeen AB24 3UB, Scotland.
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PT J
AU Pandora, K
AF Pandora, Katherine
TI Popular Science in National and Transnational Perspective Suggestions
   from the American Context
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID HISTORY-OF-SCIENCE; KNOWLEDGE
AB In what ways can the study of science and popular culture in the American context contribute to ongoing debates on popularization and popular science? This essay suggests that, for several reasons, attention to the antebellum era offers the most significant opportunity to realize more sophisticated understandings of science in American popular culture. First, it enables us to take advantage of comparative opportunities, both by benefiting from the advanced state of historiography for Victorian popular science and by engaging with a generation of historiographic innovations by scholars in U. S. history, American studies, literature, and art history. Second, the emergence of popular science in the context of the republican ethos of the antebellum period provides an important vantage point from which to assess the extent to which the general issue of "popular science" and its cognates is historically variable and multiple in terms of the politics of knowledge. Third, the ramifications of the development of popular science for relations between science and the public well into the twentieth century cannot be understood until we gain a more clearly developed sense of the emergent period.
C1 Univ Oklahoma, Dept Hist Sci, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
RP Pandora, K (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Dept Hist Sci, 619 Phys Sci Bldg, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
EM kpandora@ou.edu
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PT J
AU Bensaude-Vincent, B
AF Bensaude-Vincent, Bernadette
TI A Historical Perspective on Science and Its "Others"
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID POPULARIZATION; CULTURE
AB Reflecting on the debate about the value of the category "popular science" to historians, this essay argues that the model of legitimate science that is currently emerging invites us to consider how the notions of science and the public have been mutually configured and reconfigured over time. It begins by pointing to the tremendous impact of technosciences on the public sphere. The recent shift from the deficit model to the participatory model has profoundly changed the values underlying science communication. Whereas previously such communication was performed in the name of science, it is now performed in the name of democracy. This political turn suggests that we should consider symmetrically not only how science and its public face are socially constructed but also how the notion of a lay public has been constructed by scientific practices. Finally, the essay suggests that historical studies should focus on the mechanisms of demarcation and discrimination between science and rival forms of knowledge.
C1 Univ Paris Quest, Dept Philosophie, Paris, France.
RP Bensaude-Vincent, B (reprint author), Univ Paris Quest, Dept Philosophie, Paris, France.
EM bensaude@u-paris10.fr
CR Bensaude-Vincent B, 2001, PUBLIC UNDERST SCI, V10, P99, DOI 10.1088/0963-6625/10/1/307
   BENSAUDEVINCENT B, 1988, PROTEE THEORIE PRATI, V16, P85
   BENSAUDEVINCENT B, 2003, SCI OPINION HIST DUN
   Bensaude-Vincent Bernadette, 1997, SCI POPULAIRE PRESSE
   Bensaude-Vincent Bernadette, 2008, SCI SPECTACLE EUROPE
   Bensaude-Vincent Bernadette, 1997, SCI 20 CENTURY, P319
   BUCCHI M, 2004, MODERN BIOL VISIONS, P171
   Bucchi M., 2008, HDB PUBLIC COMMUNICA
   Bucchi M, 2007, HANDBOOK OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STUDIES, THIRD EDITION, P449
   CALLON, 2001, AGIR MODE INCERTAIN
   Callon M., 1999, SCI TECHNOLOGY SOC, V4, P81, DOI 10.1177/097172189900400106
   Clark W., 1999, SCI ENLIGHTENED EURO
   COOTER R, 1994, HIST SCI, V32, P237
   EPSTEIN, 1996, IMPURE SCI AIDS ACTI
   EPSTEIN S, 1995, SCI TECHNOL HUM VAL, V20, P408, DOI 10.1177/016224399502000402
   FEBVRE L, 1992, COMBATS HIST, P14
   FYFE A, 2007, SCI MARKETPLACE NINE
   Golinski Jan, 1992, SCI PUBLIC CULTURE C
   Govoni P., 2002, PUBBLICO SCI DIVULGA
   HABERMAS K, 1962, STRUKTURWANDEL O  FF
   HILGARTNER S, 1990, SOC STUD SCI, V20, P519, DOI 10.1177/030631290020003006
   Jurdant B., 1969, COMMUNICATIONS, V14, P150
   La Follette Marcel, 1990, MAKING SCI OUR OWN P
   LATOUR B, 1987, SCI ACTION, P62
   LEWENSTEIN BV, 1992, SCI MEETS PUBLIC
   NEWMAN, 2003, ALCHEMY TRIED FIRE
   NEWMAN W, 1989, ISIS, V80, P423, DOI 10.1086/355083
   NORDMANN, NATL IDENTITY ROLE S, P24
   POMIAN K, 1987, COLLECTIONNEURS AMAT
   Principe Lawrence M., 2007, CHYMISTS CHYMISTRY S
   Roco M., 2002, CONVERGING TECHNOLOG
   Roqueplo P, 1974, PARTAGE SAVOIR SCI C
   SECORD A, 1994, HIST SCI, V32, P269
   Secord JA, 2004, ISIS, V95, P654, DOI 10.1086/430657
   Secord James, 2000, VICTORIAN SENSATION
   Shapin Steven, 1990, COMPANION HIST MODER, V190, P990
   SHEETSPYENSON S, 1985, ANN SCI, V42, P549, DOI 10.1080/00033798500200361
   Shinn Terry, 1985, EXPOSITORY SCI FORMS
   Smith Pamela H., 2002, MERCHANTS MARVELS CO
   STEWART L, 1992, RISE PUBLIC SCI  CAM
   Topham JR, 2000, STUD HIST PHILOS SCI, V31A, P559, DOI 10.1016/S0039-3681(00)00030-3
   TOPHAM JR, POPULARIZIN IN PRESS
   Willis Rebecca, 2004, SEE THROUGH SCI
   WILSDON, 2005, PUBLIC VALUE SCI ENS
NR 44
TC 11
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD JUN
PY 2009
VL 100
IS 2
BP 359
EP 368
PG 10
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 457DF
UT WOS:000266905400008
ER

PT J
AU Dauben, JW
   Gleason, ML
   Smith, GE
AF Dauben, Joseph W.
   Gleason, Mary Louise
   Smith, George E.
TI Seven Decades of History of Science I. Bernard Cohen (1914-2003), Second
   Editor of Isis
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB I. Bernard Cohen (1914-2003), the first American to receive a Ph.D. in history of science, was a Harvard undergraduate ('37) and then a Ph.D. student and protege of George Sarton, founder of Isis and the History of Science Society. He went on to succeed Sarton as editor of Isis (1952-1958) and, later, president of the Society (1961-1962); he was also a president of the International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science. Cohen was an internationally recognized Newton scholar; his interests were encyclopedic, ranging from science and public policy to the history of computers, with several decades as a special consultant for history of computing with IBM. Among his hundreds of publications were such major books as Franklin and Newton (1956), The Birth of a New Physics (1959; rpt., 1985), The Newtonian Revolution (1980), Revolution in Science (1985), Science and the Founding Fathers (1995), Howard Aiken: Portrait of a Computer Pioneer (1999), and his last book, The Triumph of Numbers (2005), not to mention two jointly authored contributions, the variorum edition and new English translation of Newton's Principia, which will surely still be read a century from now.
C1 [Dauben, Joseph W.] CUNY Herbert H Lehman Coll, Dept Hist, Bronx, NY 10468 USA.
   [Dauben, Joseph W.] CUNY, Grad Ctr, Program Hist, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   [Smith, George E.] Tufts Univ, Dept Philosophy, Medford, MA 02155 USA.
RP Dauben, JW (reprint author), CUNY Herbert H Lehman Coll, Dept Hist, 250 Bedford Pk Blvd W, Bronx, NY 10468 USA.
CR Allison RC, 2006, COLL LITERATURE, V33, P1, DOI 10.1353/lit.2006.0016
   COHEN B, 1987, HIST TECHNOLOGY, V4, P53
   COHEN B, 1987, HIST TECHNOLOGY, V4, P55
   COHEN B, 1946, ISIS, V36, P249
   COHEN IB, 1984, ISIS, V75, P13, DOI 10.1086/353424
   COHEN IB, 1987, 15 ANNIVERSARY REPOR, P133
   COHEN IB, 1964, NY TIMES MAGAZI 0209, P19
   COHEN IB, 1985, BIRTH NEW PHYS, pR13
   COHEN IB, 1955, SCI AM, V193, P68
   COHEN IB, 1984, ISIS, V75, P14
   DASTON L, 2004, PHYS TODAY       JUL, P75
   FRANKENA WK, 1944, J PHILOS, V41, P251, DOI 10.2307/2019968
   GILLISPIE CC, 1980, DICT SCI BIOGRAPHY, V7, P487
   HERIVEL JW, 1974, NATURE, V247, P163
   HIEBERT E, 1975, ISIS, V66, P478
   HIEBERT E, 1975, ISIS, V66, P479
   Koyre A., 1943, J HIST IDEAS, V4, P400, DOI 10.2307/2707166
   RUSSELL GA, 1996, ISIS, V87, P673
   Russell GA, 1996, ISIS, V87, P672, DOI 10.1086/357653
   SAXON W, 2003, NY TIMES        0628, pA12
   WARREN L, 1997, A SOKOLOW REBELLIOUS, P55
NR 21
TC 1
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 2009
VL 100
IS 1
BP 4
EP 35
PG 32
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 448LP
UT WOS:000266264400002
ER

PT J
AU Renwick, C
AF Renwick, Chris
TI The Practice of Spencerian Science Patrick Geddes's Biosocial Program,
   1876-1889
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB From the Victorian era to our own, critics of Herbert Spencer have portrayed his science-based philosophical system as irrelevant to the concerns of practicing scientists. Yet, as a number of scholars have recently argued, an extraordinary range of reformist and experimental projects across the human and life sciences took their bearings from Spencer's work. This essay examines Spencerian science as practiced by the biologist, sociologist, and town planner Patrick Geddes (1854-1932). Through a close examination of his experimental natural history of the late 1870s and early 1880s, his wider writings on the evolutionary process in the 1880s, and his efforts later in that decade to improve the slums of Edinburgh, this essay reveals Geddes's deep, unifying, and energizing commitment to Spencer's program. Recapturing that commitment can not only help historians rethink Spencerian science as practice but also suggest ways of overcoming the dichotomy between elite ideas and practical activity that bedevils much contemporary historiography of science.
C1 Univ Leeds, Ctr Hist & Philosophy Sci, Dept Philosophy, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
RP Renwick, C (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Ctr Hist & Philosophy Sci, Dept Philosophy, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
EM C.P.M.Renwick03@Leeds.ac.uk
CR BARNES HE, 1948, INTRO HIST SOCIOLOGY, P614
   BOARDMAN P, 1978, WORLDS PATRICK GEDDE, P35
   CLARKE P, 1978, LIBERALS SOCIAL DEMO, pCH3
   COLLINI S, 1979, HOBHOUSE POLITICAL A, P1880
   CUNNINGHAM S, 1996, PHILOS DARWINIAN LEG, P3514
   DIXON T, 2004, HERBERT SPENCER INTE, P85
   Elwick J, 2003, HIST SCI, V41, P35
   FREEDEN M, 1978, NEW LIBERALISM AN ID, P3514
   GALTON F, 1908, MEMORIES MY LIFE, P258
   Geddes P., 1882, NATURE, V25, P303, DOI 10.1038/025303a0
   GEDDES P, 1878, P ROY SOC LONDON, V449, P1878
   GEDDES P, 1925, NATURE, V115, P742
   Geddes Patrick, 1925, NATURE, V115, P740, DOI 10.1038/115740a0
   Geddes Patrick, 1880, P ROY SOC EDINB, V11, P377
   GOULD, 2002, STRUCTURE EVOLUTIONA, P197
   HOBSON JA, 1931, LT HOBHOUSE HIS LIFE, P3514
   MAYR E, 1982, GROWTH BIOL THOUGHT, P386
   Nyhart Lynn K., 1995, CULTURES NATURAL HIS, P426
   OWEN JE, 1974, HOBHOUSE SOCIOLOGIST, P3514
   PARSONS T, 1949, STUDY SOCIAL THEORY, P3
   RADICK G, 2007, SIMIAN TONGUE LONG D, pCH5
   RICHARDS RJ, 1987, DARWIN EMERGENCE EVO, P3514
   RUSE M, 1996, MONAD MAN CONCEPT PR, P3514
   SAPP J, 1994, EVOLUTION ASS HIST S, P1
   Secord JA, 2004, ISIS, V95, P654, DOI 10.1086/430657
   SPENCER, PRINCIPLES BIOL, V1, P433
   SPENCER, PRINCIPLES BIOL, V2, P508
   WHITE P, 2003, T HUXLEY MAKING MAN, P3514
   YOUNG RM, 1970, MIND BRAIN ADAPTATIO, P3514
NR 29
TC 3
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 2009
VL 100
IS 1
BP 36
EP 57
PG 22
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 448LP
UT WOS:000266264400003
ER

PT J
AU Pyenson, L
   Verbruggen, C
AF Pyenson, Lewis
   Verbruggen, Christophe
TI Ego and the International The Modernist Circle of George Sarton
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID NETWORKS
AB The early years of Isis are examined in the light of George Sarton's connection with Paul Otlet (1868-1944) and Henri Lafontaine (1854-1943), founders in 1895 of the International Office of Bibliography and in 1907 of the Union of International Associations, both in Brussels. Otlet, known as one of the fathers of the Information Age, invented the science of information, which he called, in French, documentation. Lafontaine, a socialist senator in Belgium, won the 1913 Nobel Prize for Peace. Sarton shared Otlet and Lafontaine's views about pacifism, internationalism, and rational bibliography; he designed Isis to fit with the modernist goal, expressed by Otlet and Lafontaine, of using information to generate new knowledge.
C1 [Pyenson, Lewis] Western Michigan Univ, Grad Coll, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA.
   [Pyenson, Lewis] Western Michigan Univ, Dept Hist, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA.
   [Verbruggen, Christophe] Univ Ghent, Dept Modern & Contemporary Hist, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
RP Pyenson, L (reprint author), Western Michigan Univ, Grad Coll, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA.
CR BARKAN DK, 1993, SCI CONTEXT, V6, P59
   CHARLE C, 2004, TRANSNATIONAL INTELL, P3514
   COOPER SE, 1991, PATRIOTIC PACIFISM W, P3514
   Diani M, 2000, EUR J SOC THEORY, V3, P387, DOI 10.1177/13684310022224868
   ERICKSON BH, 1994, AM J SOCIOL, V99, P1411
   Frewer Andreas, 2003, Sudhoffs Arch, V87, P180
   GIARCHI, 2001, COMMUNITY DEV J, V36, P63
   HAAS PM, 1992, INT ORGAN, V46, P1
   Iriye A., 2004, CONT EUROPEAN HIST, V13, P211, DOI 10.1017/S0960777304001675
   KADUSHIN C, 1976, AM BEHAV SCI, V19, P769, DOI 10.1177/000276427601900607
   Keck ME, 1999, INT SOC SCI J, V51, P89, DOI 10.1111/1468-2451.00179
   MACDONALD W, 1923, INTELLECTUAL WORKER, P304
   Merton R.K, 1996, SOCIAL STRUCTURE SCI, P267
   PRICE, 1965, SCIENCE, V149, P510
   PYENSON L, 1993, HIST SCI, V31, P297
   PYENSON L, 2007, MEMOIRS AM PHILOS SO, V260, P3514
   Pyenson Lewis, 1977, HIST SCI, V15, P155
   Saunier PY, 2006, HIST SOC RES, V31, P118
   STONE D, 2002, GLOBAL NETW, V2, P1, DOI 10.1111/1471-0374.00023
   Tindall David B., 2004, SOCIOL FOCUS, V37, P163
   Turner S., 2002, SCI BOUGHT SOLD ESSA, P362
   Verbruggen Christophe, 2007, GUIDE PRINCIPLES PRA, P579
   WETHERELL C., 1999, NEW METHODS SOCIAL H, P125
NR 23
TC 2
Z9 2
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 2009
VL 100
IS 1
BP 60
EP 78
PG 19
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 448LP
UT WOS:000266264400005
ER

PT J
AU Holton, G
AF Holton, Gerald
TI George Sarton, His Isis, and the Aftermath
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB It is rare that a scholarly journal reaches its hundredth volume and also maintains its intellectual rank. Some explanations for the achievements of Isis suggest themselves. Two favorable circumstances were the timing of its founding, when there had grown up a small but critical mass of contributors and readers for such a journal, and that its founder was George Sarton, a person of wide-ranging interests, passionate scholarship, and huge ambition. His frank program was to produce, with the aid of Isis, a synthesis of the histories of all sciences, at a time when similar unifying attempts were current in other fields. In brief, episodic examinations of the early decades of Isis, this essay shows Sarton's legendary energy at work, feeding his ever-larger project and resulting in the founding of the History of Science Society, which gave the journal its institutional base. But a look at issues over more decades reveals that the original program subsided. The journal adopted a more pluralistic guiding philosophy. Yet it must also be acknowledged that during the transition period there was a backlash against the very authority of the history of science as its early practitioners saw the field.
C1 Harvard Univ, Jefferson Phys Lab, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Holton, G (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Jefferson Phys Lab, 17 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
CR FORMAN P, 1991, ISIS, V82, P71, DOI 10.1086/355638
   FRANK P, 1951, P AM ACAD ARTS SCI, V80, P8
   KUHN TS, 1954, ISIS, V45, P100, DOI 10.1086/348291
   LAKATOS I, CRITICISM GROWTH KNO, P91
   Popper K., 1970, CRITICISM GROWTH KNO, P51
   SARTON, 1924, ISIS, V6, P9
   SARTON G, 1934, ISIS, V21, P8, DOI 10.1086/346827
   SARTON G, 1924, ISI, V16, P4
   SARTON G, 1934, ISIS, V21, P5
   Sarton George, 1913, ISIS, V1, P3, DOI 10.1086/357728
   SMITH PH, 1994, ISIS, V85, P1, DOI 10.1086/356725
   SONNERT G, 2005, EINSTEIN CULTURE, P156
NR 12
TC 1
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
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PY 2009
VL 100
IS 1
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EP 88
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 448LP
UT WOS:000266264400006
ER

PT J
AU Dear, P
AF Dear, Peter
TI The History of Science and the History of the Sciences George Sarton,
   Isis, and the Two Cultures
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The intent and content of Isis since its inauguration in 1913 have in some ways tracked changes in both a professionalizing history of science and in the cultures of scientific disciplines. George Sarton saw history as part of an overall metascientific project in which the sciences themselves participated, and his perspective was often duplicated by the constructive appropriation of history by scientists: a century ago, scientific culture often incorporated a sense of itself as an ongoing historical enterprise. After one hundred volumes, however, Isis caters above all to a professionalized historical discipline, while the identity of the scientist has typically ceased to rely on a sense of historical embeddedness.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Hist, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
RP Dear, P (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Hist, McGraw Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
CR KUHN, 1913, STRUCTURE SCI REVOLU, P20
   KUHN THOMAS S., 1970, STRUCTURE SCI REVOLU, P1
   LARMOR J, 1900, AETHER MATTER, P3514
   Latour Bruno, 1987, SCI ACTION FOLLOW SC, P4
   OSLER W, 1916, NATURE, V96, P554
   SARTON, 1956, GROWTH HUMAN CIVILIZ, P32
   Sarton George, 1913, ISIS, V1, P3, DOI 10.1086/357728
   THOMSON W, 1867, TREATISE NATURAL PHI, V1, pR5
NR 8
TC 2
Z9 2
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
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PY 2009
VL 100
IS 1
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EP 93
PG 5
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 448LP
UT WOS:000266264400007
ER

PT J
AU Maienschein, J
AF Maienschein, Jane
TI Rethinking Sarton's Institute for History of Science and
   Civilization-Virtually
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB George Sarton's original vision in establishing Isis and Osiris carried beyond these two publications. His particular view of history of science is worth revisiting to reflect on the values he embraced and the context in which he worked. His idea of an Institute for the History of Science and Civilization is even more provocative. Although Sarton's ideas and, especially, his way of framing them would probably be rejected by most today, there is at least one major emphasis worth recovering and reasserting: his commitment to taking the science and its technical aspects seriously.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Ctr Biol & Soc, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
RP Maienschein, J (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Ctr Biol & Soc, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
CR SARTON, 1962, HIST SCI NEW HUMANIS, P191
   Sarton G, 1917, Science, V46, P399, DOI 10.1126/science.46.1191.399
   Sarton G, 1917, SCIENCE, V45, P284, DOI 10.1126/science.45.1160.284
   Sarton G, 1918, SCI MON, V7, P193
   THORNDIKE L, 1957, ISIS, V48, P323, DOI 10.1086/348573
NR 5
TC 1
Z9 1
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
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PY 2009
VL 100
IS 1
BP 94
EP 102
PG 9
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 448LP
UT WOS:000266264400008
ER

PT J
AU Numbers, RL
AF Numbers, Ronald L.
TI The American History of Science Society or the International History of
   Science Society? The Fate of Cosmopolitanism since George Sarton
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Almost since its beginning, the History of Science Society has suffered from dual personalities, simultaneously displaying identities as both the American History of Science Society and the International History of Science Society. This note traces the disorder and its manifestations from the days of George Sarton to the present.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Med Hist & Bioeth, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
RP Numbers, RL (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Med Hist & Bioeth, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
CR BRASCH, 1936, SCIENCE, V83, P424
   BRASCH FE, 1925, ISIS, V7, P371, DOI 10.1086/358326
   BUTLER FHC, 1949, B BRIT SOC HIST SCI, V1, P1
   Cohen IB, 1999, ISIS, V90, pS28, DOI 10.1086/384606
   COOK HJ, 1991, ISIS, V82, P304, DOI 10.1086/355744
   GREENAWAY F, 1996, SCI INT HIST INT COU, P3514
   POTIER B, 2003, HARVARD U GAZETTE, P3514
   THACKRAY A, 1980, ISIS, V71, P7, DOI 10.1086/352405
NR 8
TC 1
Z9 2
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
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PY 2009
VL 100
IS 1
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EP 107
PG 5
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 448LP
UT WOS:000266264400009
ER

PT J
AU Adkins, GM
AF Adkins, G. Matthew
TI The Renaissance of Peiresc Aubin-Louis Millin and the Postrevolutionary
   Republic of Letters
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This essay argues for the emergence of a cultural and epistemological divide between amateur savants and members of the Royal Academy of the Sciences in late Old Regime and revolutionary France and suggests that the amateur ideal rose in significance even as intellectual activity came to be increasingly centralized in the postrevolutionary era. At the crux of the tensions between the amateur ideal and the professionalizing reality in the immediate postrevolutionary period stood Aubin-Louis Millin and his journal, the Magasin Encyclopedique. The essay examines, in particular, the revival in the pages of the Magasin Encyclopedique of interest in Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc, the seventeenth-century icon of an amateur ideal in which investigations in the natural sciences and scholarship were private, decentralized, often provincial activities. Although the sciences in the revolutionary and Napoleonic eras were often perceived as forward looking and dismissive of the past, this essay finds that a sentimental and nostalgic attachment to the past-to a myth of Peiresc-continued to play an important role in the identity of postrevolutionary men of letters.
C1 CUNY Queensborough Community Coll, Dept Hist, New York, NY 11364 USA.
RP Adkins, GM (reprint author), CUNY Queensborough Community Coll, Dept Hist, New York, NY 11364 USA.
CR ADKINS GM, 2005, J HIST SOCIOL, V1, P1
   BAKER KM, 1975, CONDORCET NATURAL PH, P102
   BAKER KM, 1990, INVENTING FRENCH REV, P128
   BAYLE P, 1820, DICT HIST CRITIQUE, V11, P515
   Ben-David Joseph, 1972, MINERVA, V10, P362, DOI 10.1007/BF01556920
   BIAGIOLI M, 1993, GALILEO COURTIER PRA, P1
   BIGOURDAN G, 1917, MEMOIRES HIST ACAD S, P159
   BOURDIEU P, 1990, LOGIC PRACTICE, P66
   BROCKLISS LWB, 2002, CALVETS WEB ENLIGHTE, P4
   BROWN H, 1934, SCI ORG 17 CENTURY F, P5
   CROSLANG M, 1992, SCI CONTROL FRENCH A, P1, DOI 10.1017/CBO9780511563713.002
   DALEMBERT JL, 1867, OEUVRES LAGRANGE, V14, P130
   DARNTON R, 1985, GREAT CAR MASSACRE O, P185
   DARNTON R, 1968, MESMERISM END ENLIGH, P90
   Darnton Robert, 1982, LIT UNDERGROUND OLD
   DEBALZAC JLG, 1984, DICT HIST CRITICAL M, V4, P531
   DECONDORCET M, 1994, CINQ MEMOIRES INSTRU
   DECONDORCET M, 1847, OEUVRES CONORCET, V1
   DEFONTENELLE B, 1731, ELOGES ACAD ACAD ROY
   DEFOUCHY JPG, 1766, ELOGES ACAD ACAD ROY
   DELARROQUE PT, 1972, CORRES PEIRESC, V2, P361
   DEMAIRAN JJD, 1747, ELOGES ACAD ACAD ROY
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   DESAINTVINCENS F, 1796, MAG ENCY, V1, P357
   DEWARVILLE JPB, 1782, VERITE MEDITATIONS M, P165
   DHOMRES N, 1989, NAISSANCE POUVOIR SC
   FARA P, 2003, CAMBRIDGE HIST SCI, V4, P485
   GALIANI F, 1994, REPUBLIC LETT CULTUR, P183
   GASSENDI P, 1641, VIRI ILLUSTRIS NC FA
   Gillispie Charles Coulston, 2004, SCI POLITY FRANCE RE, P695
   Gordon Daniel, 1994, CITIZENS SOVEREIGNTY
   Greenblatt Stephen J., 1980, RENAISSANCE SELF FAS
   HAHN R, 1971, ANATOMY SCI I PARIS, P150
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   KRAFFT CG, 1818, ANN ENCY, V6, P4
   LINTON Marisa, 2001, POLITICS VIRTUE ENLI
   Lux David S., 1989, PATRONAGE ROYAL SCI
   MICHAUD JF, 1960, BIOGRAPHIE UNIVERSEL, V37, P447
   MILLER PN, 2000, PEIRESCS EUROPE LEAR, P3
   MILLIN AL, 1808, TRAVELS SO DEP FRANC, P199
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   MILLIN AL, 1797, ELEMENS HIST NATUREL
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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ER

PT J
AU Elshakry, MS
AF Elshakry, Marwa S.
TI Knowledge in Motion The Cultural Politics of Modern Science Translations
   in Arabic
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID LEWIS AFFAIR; 19TH-CENTURY
AB This essay looks at the problem of the global circulation of modern scientific knowledge by looking at science translations in modern Arabic. In the commercial centers of the late Ottoman Empire, emerging transnational networks lay behind the development of new communities of knowledge, many of which sought to break with old linguistic and literary norms to redefine the basis of their authority. Far from acting as neutral purveyors of "universal truths," scientific translations thus served as key instruments in this ongoing process of sociopolitical and epistemological transformation and mediation. Fierce debates over translators' linguistic strategies and choices involved deliberations over the character of language and the nature of " science" itself. They were also crucially shaped by such geopolitical factors as the rise of European imperialism and anticolonial nationalism in the region. The essay concludes by arguing for the need for greater attention to the local factors involved in the translation of scientific concepts across borders.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Elshakry, MS (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, 1 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
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PT J
AU Merchant, C
AF Merchant, Carolyn
TI "The Violence of Impediments" Francis Bacon and the Origins of
   Experimentation
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID BACON,FRANCIS; TORTURE
AB Francis Bacon's use of metaphors to characterize his nascent concept of experimentation must be interpreted within the historical context of his time. His approach to experimentation is one in which nature is constrained by the "violence of impediments" and is made new by "art and the hand of man." His language about nature should be placed in the context of the history of the contained, controlled experiment, a concept that emerges from juridical practice, from the idea of nature in bonds, and from the tradition of the secrets of nature in settings such as the courtroom, the anatomy theater, and the laboratory.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
RP Merchant, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
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PT J
AU Kohler, RE
AF Kohler, Robert E.
TI Lab History Reflections
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SCIENCE; LABORATORIES; BRITAIN; PHYSICS; SPACES
AB After a productive start in the 1980s, laboratory history is now surprisingly neglected-not lab science, but the lab as social institution. To restart interest, I suggest that we see labs as period specific (early modern, modern, postmodern) and of a piece with each era's dominant social institutions and practices. In the modern era, for example, labs have become powerful and ubiquitous because their operating principles are those of the nation-state and its consumerist political economy. Their educational function is crucial: labs have authority because they are an effective vehicle for educating en masse for life in modern states; they provide general entry to careers in scores of disciplines and a thousand occupations; and they embody prevailing ideals of a meritocracy of competence, transparency (through publication), and a universalistic logic of objectivity. An older microhistory of laboratory practices may thus be reborn as a systematic, macrosocial history of the lab.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Hist & Sociol Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
RP Kohler, RE (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Hist & Sociol Sci, Suite 303,Logan Hall,249 S 36th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
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PT J
AU Klein, U
AF Klein, Ursula
TI The Laboratory Challenge Some Revisions of the Standard View of Early
   Modern Experimentation
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SCIENCE; HISTORY
AB An examination of the use of the word "laboratory" before the nineteenth century yields two striking results. First, "laboratory" referred almost exclusively to a room or house where chemical operations such as distillation, combustion, and dissolution were performed. Second, a "laboratory" was not exclusively a scientific institution but also an artisanal workplace. Drawing on the historical actors' use of "laboratory," the essay first presents (some necessarily scattered) evidence for the actual correspondence between artisanal and scientific laboratories in the eighteenth century. A particularly instructive case is the way the equipment of the laboratory of the Prussian Academy of Sciences was acquired. There was, in this case, a direct transfer of instruments, vessels, and materials from a pharmaceutical to an academic laboratory. The essay then argues that we ought to distinguish between two different experimental traditions in the early modern period: experimental philosophy and the laboratory tradition that meshed studies of nature with technological innovation.
C1 Max Planck Inst Hist Sci, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
RP Klein, U (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Hist Sci, Boltzmannstr 22, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
EM Klein@mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de
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PT J
AU Gooday, G
AF Gooday, Graeme
TI Placing or Replacing the Laboratory in the History of Science?
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID BRITAIN; ARCHITECTURE; UNIVERSITY; PRECISION; CHEMISTRY; CULTURE;
   PHYSICS; WOMEN
AB This essay presents an alternative to interpretations of laboratories as institutions for controlled investigation of nature that are either placeless or "set apart." It historicizes the claim by showing how the meaning of "laboratory" has both changed and diversified over the last two centuries. Originally a laboratory could be a site of organic growth or material manufacture, but it can now be a specialized domain for technological development, educational training, or quality testing. The essay then introduces some contingencies of geography and gender by showing how boundaries between laboratories and other spaces-especially domestic kitchens-could be permeable or nonexistent; importantly, some spaces served as experimental laboratories without ever being designated as such. A key corollary, however, is that there were limits to this permeability: not all social spaces could be turned consensually into laboratories, and laboratory users could be intolerant of certain imported technical cultures.
C1 Univ Leeds, Dept Philosophy, Ctr Hist & Philosophy Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
RP Gooday, G (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Dept Philosophy, Ctr Hist & Philosophy Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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ER

PT J
AU Gieryn, TF
AF Gieryn, Thomas F.
TI Laboratory Design for Post-Fordist Science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB What is the state of science these days such that one laboratory in particular-the Clark Center at Stanford-often gets singled out as the right place for the job? The design of new buildings for research must respect architectural and technical conventions that have long defined the essence of a laboratory or risk becoming so idiosyncratic that suspicions are raised about the worthiness of claims made inside. And yet the material form of the laboratory changes incessantly in response both to the instrumentational needs of inquiry and to the political, economic, and moral integument that steers the pursuit of natural knowledge. The Clark Center succeeds as a truth-spot by virtue of its decontextualization from local epistemic pollutants and its universalization as a generic space recognizably like other labs anywhere, even as novel features of its design are indelibly shaped by the market insistences of late capitalism.
C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Sociol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
RP Gieryn, TF (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Sociol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
CR Bauman Z, 2007, LIQUID TIMES LIVING
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PT J
AU Goldstein, D
AF Goldstein, Daniel
TI Outposts of science - The knowledge trade and the expansion of
   scientific community in post-Civil War America
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID ASSOCIATIONS; GROWTH; TOWNS
AB By the second half of the nineteenth century, local and regional voluntary societies were among the most widespread, accessible, and familiar public scientific institutions in America. Collectively, they made up an institutional network that converted individuals' private interest in science into a public activity. They played an essential role in the dissemination of scientific information, the growth of a scientifically literate population, and the extension of public support for science in the decades after the Civil War. This essay delineates and maps the spread of these societies throughout the country, as well as the flow of scientific information both among societies and between a society and its regional hinterland. Using the Davenport [ Iowa] Academy of Natural Sciences as an example, it demonstrates how local societies were embedded in a national scientific community and mediated between it and local scientific enthusiasts, to the benefit of both.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Peter J Shields Lib, Humanities & Social Sci Dept, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
RP Goldstein, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Peter J Shields Lib, Humanities & Social Sci Dept, 100 NW Quad, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
FU National Science Foundation [SBR-9311219]
FX This essay has been many years in the making. Much of the research and
   map making was completed in 1994-1995 with the support of grant no.
   SBR-9311219 from the National Science Foundation.
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ER

PT J
AU Radick, G
AF Radick, Gregory
TI Introduction - Why what if?
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Like the people they study, historians of science make conjectures about what might have been. Unlike scientists, however, historians of science have no tradition of self-consciousness about counterfactual methods. The essays in this Focus section are conversation starters toward that missing tradition. Examining diverse sciences and periods, they dwell in particular on how historians of science can know about what might have been (counterfactualist epistemology) and on what hangs in the balance when endorsing this or that claim about what might have been (counterfactualist politics).
C1 Univ Leeds, Dept Philosophy, Div Hist & Philosophy Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
RP Radick, G (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Dept Philosophy, Div Hist & Philosophy Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
CR ARABATZIS T, 2008, CENTAURUS, V50, P33
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ER

PT J
AU Henry, J
AF Henry, John
TI Ideology, inevitability, and the Scientific Revolution
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Looking in particular at the Scientific Revolution, this essay argues that, for all their differences, positivist commentators on science and contextualist historians of science ought to be committed to the view that counterfactual changes in the history of science would have made no significant difference to its historical development. Assumptions about the history of science as an inexorable march toward the truth commit the positivist to the view that, even if things had been different, scientific knowledge would still have ended up where it is. Perhaps surprisingly, the move away from "great man" history and the increasing emphasis among contextualist historians on the broad cultural influences on scientific thought and practice also imply that changes of a restricted or specific nature ought to have no significant effect on general outcomes. Unlike the positivist, however, the contextualist is willing to concede that things might have been different if the entire cultural background had been different. But in such cases the effect of such sweeping changes would be impossible to conceive and so deprive counterfactual history of any useful insights it might be supposed to offer.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Sci Studies Unit, High Sch Yards, Edinburgh EH1 1LZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
RP Henry, J (reprint author), Univ Edinburgh, Sci Studies Unit, High Sch Yards, Edinburgh EH1 1LZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
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ER

PT J
AU Bowler, PJ
AF Bowler, Peter J.
TI What Darwin disturbed - The biology that might have been
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The launch of a revolutionary new scientific theory represents a rare occasion on which the apparently cumulative development of science might be influenced by particular events. Yet in the case of the Darwinian revolution it is often claimed that the theory of evolution by natural selection would have emerged more or less inevitably, given the scientific and cultural circumstances prevailing in mid-Victorian Britain. This essay challenges that claim by arguing that if Darwin had not been there to write his Origin of Species the subsequent development of biology would have occurred along a line that steadily diverged from the sequence of events we actually experienced. There would certainly have been an evolutionary movement in the late nineteenth century, but there would have been no selection theory to disturb the progressionist assumptions of the time. A totally non-Darwinian evolutionism might not have generated the challenges that led to the emergence of modern genetics in the early twentieth century, resulting in a very different understanding of the relationship between development, heredity, and environment.
C1 Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Hist & Anthropol, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland.
RP Bowler, PJ (reprint author), Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Hist & Anthropol, 15 Univ Sq, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland.
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PT J
AU French, S
AF French, Steven
TI Genuine possibilities in the scientific past and how to spot them
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The extent to which we take counterfactual history seriously depends on how well grounded we take the relevant possibilities to be. Beginning with a general consideration of the relationship between conceivability and possibility, this essay examine the grounds on which these alternative histories might be based. Drawing on examples from physics, such as the Bohmian version of quantum theory and the parastatistics approach to quarks, it suggests that such grounds are not as firm as might be thought and that further work is required in both the history and the philosophy of science before the putative alternatives can be taken as "genuine" possibilities.
C1 Univ Leeds, Div Hist & Philosophy Sci, Dept Philosophy, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
RP French, S (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Div Hist & Philosophy Sci, Dept Philosophy, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
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ER

PT J
AU Fuller, S
AF Fuller, Steve
TI The normative turn - Counterfactuals and a philosophical historiography
   of science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Counterfactual reasoning is broadly implicated in causal claims made by historians. However, this point is more generally recognized and accepted by economic historians than historians of science. A good site for examining alternative appeals to counterfactuals is to consider "what if" the Scientific Revolution had not occurred in seventeenth-century Europe. Two alternative interpretations are analyzed: that the revolution would eventually have happened somewhere else ("overdeterminism") or that the revolution would not have happened at all ("underdeterminism"). Broadly speaking, these two interpretations correspond to the respective attitudes of philosophers and historians to the development of science. However, a case is presented for synthesizing the two interpretations into a normative historiography of science that would allow past and present concerns to interrogate each other. This exercise in counterfactual reasoning can be imagined in the spirit of a time traveler who aims to persuade, rather than simply understand, the natives he or she encounters.
C1 Univ Warwick, Dept Sociol, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
RP Fuller, S (reprint author), Univ Warwick, Dept Sociol, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
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ER

PT J
AU Creager, ANH
   Morgan, GJ
AF Creager, Angela N. H.
   Morgan, Gregory J.
TI After the double helix - Rosalind Franklin's research on Tobacco mosaic
   virus
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SODIUM THYMONUCLEATE FIBERS; DNA
AB Rosalind Franklin is best known for her informative X-ray diffraction patterns of DNA that provided vital clues for James Watson and Francis Crick's double-stranded helical model. Her scientific career did not end when she left the DNA work at King's College, however. In 1953 Franklin moved to J.D. Bernal's crystallography laboratory at Birkbeck College, where she shifted her focus to the three-dimensional structure of viruses, obtaining diffraction patterns of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) of unprecedented detail and clarity. During the next five years, while making significant headway on the structural determination of TMV, Franklin maintained an active correspondence with both Watson and Crick, who were also studying aspects of virus structure. Developments in TMV research during the 1950s illustrate the connections in the emerging field of molecular biology between structural studies of nucleic acids and of proteins and viruses. They also reveal how the protagonists of the "race for the double helix" continued to interact personally and professionally during the years when Watson and Crick's model for the double-helical structure of DNA was debated and confirmed.
C1 [Creager, Angela N. H.] Princeton Univ, Dept Hist, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   [Creager, Angela N. H.] Princeton Univ, Program Hist Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   [Morgan, Gregory J.] Spring Hill Coll, Dept Philosophy, Mobile, AL 36608 USA.
RP Creager, ANH (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Hist, 136 Dickinson Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
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PT J
AU Vetter, J
AF Vetter, Jeremy
TI Cowboys, scientists, and fossils - The field site and local
   collaboration in the American West
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID GENTLEMEN; KNOWLEDGE; SCIENCE
AB Even as the division between professional scientists and laypeople became sharper by the end of the nineteenth century, the collaboration of local people remained important in scientific fieldwork, especially in sciences such as vertebrate paleontology that required long-term extractive access to research sites. In the North American West, the competition between museums and universities for the best fossil quarry sites involved negotiations with locals. The conflict over differing conceptions of the field site is vividly demonstrated through an examination of one site on the High Plains of western Nebraska in the early twentieth century. This case offers a rare opportunity to see not only how professionals regarded such sites but also how the resident ranching family, the Cooks, attempted to exercise leverage over the scientific fieldwork that took place there. While the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh became mired in protracted conflict with the Cooks over discovery claims and the ongoing control of the site, the University of Nebraska and the American Museum of New York developed more harmonious relations with the site's resident ranching family.
C1 Dickinson Coll, Dept Hist, Carlisle, PA 17013 USA.
RP Vetter, J (reprint author), Dickinson Coll, Dept Hist, POB 1773, Carlisle, PA 17013 USA.
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PT J
AU Pesic, P
AF Pesic, Peter
TI Proteus rebound - Reconsidering the "Torture of Nature"
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Though Carolyn Merchant has agreed that Francis Bacon did not advocate the "torture of nature," she still maintains that "the very essence of the experimental method arose out of human torture transferred onto nature." Her arguments do not address serious problems of logic, context, and contrary evidence. Her particular insistence on the influence of the torture of witches ignores Bacon's skepticism about witchcraft as superstitious or imaginary. Nor do the writings of his successors sustain her claim that they carried forward his supposed program to abuse nature. We should be wary of metaphorical generalizations that ignore the context of the metaphor, the larger intent of the writers, and the fundamental limitations of such metaphors as descriptions of science.
   There are no scientific methods which alone lead to knowledge! We have to tackle things experimentally, now angry with them and now kind, and be successively just, passionate, and cold with them. One person addresses things as a policeman, a second as a father confessor, a third as an inquisitive wanderer. Something can be wrung from them now with sympathy, now with force; reverence for their secrets will take one person forwards, indiscretion and roguishness in revealing their secrets will do the same for another. We investigators are, like all conquerors, discoverers, seafarers, adventurers, of an audacious morality and must reconcile ourselves to being considered on the whole evil.
C1 St Johns Coll, Santa Fe, NM 87505 USA.
RP Pesic, P (reprint author), St Johns Coll, 1160 Camino Cruz, Santa Fe, NM 87505 USA.
EM ppesic@sjcsf.edu
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PT J
AU Gooday, G
   Lynch, JM
   Wilson, KG
   Barsky, CK
AF Gooday, Graeme
   Lynch, John M.
   Wilson, Kenneth G.
   Barsky, Constance K.
TI Does science education need the history of science?
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This essay argues that science education can gain from close engagement with the history of science both in the training of prospective vocational scientists and in educating the broader public about the nature of science. First it shows how historicizing science in the classroom can improve the pedagogical experience of science students and might even help them turn into more effective professional practitioners of science. Then it examines how historians of science can support the scientific education of the general public at a time when debates over "intelligent design" are raising major questions over the kind of science that ought to be available to children in their school curricula. It concludes by considering further work that might be undertaken to show how history of science could be of more general educational interest and utility, well beyond the closed academic domains in which historians of science typically operate.
C1 [Gooday, Graeme] Univ Leeds, Dept Philosophy, Div Hist & Philosophy Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   [Lynch, John M.] Arizona State Univ, Barrett Honors Coll, Tempe, AZ 85286 USA.
   [Lynch, John M.] Arizona State Univ, Ctr Biol & Soc, Tempe, AZ 85286 USA.
   [Wilson, Kenneth G.] Ohio State Univ, Dept Phys, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   [Barsky, Constance K.] Learning Redesign, Granville, OH 43023 USA.
RP Gooday, G (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Dept Philosophy, Div Hist & Philosophy Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
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AU Hamilton, A
   Wheeler, QD
AF Hamilton, Andrew
   Wheeler, Quentin D.
TI Taxonomy and why history of science matters for science - A case study
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID DNA BARCODES; IDENTIFICATION; CLASSIFICATION; PROMISE
AB The history of science often has difficulty connecting with science at the lab-bench level, raising questions about the value of history of science for science. This essay offers a case study from taxonomy in which lessons learned about particular failings of numerical taxonomy (phenetics) in the second half of the twentieth century bear on the new movement toward DNA barcoding. In particular, it argues that an unwillingness to deal with messy theoretical questions in both cases leads to important problems in the theory and practice of identifying taxa. This argument makes use of scientific and historical considerations in a way that the authors hope leads to convincing conclusions about the history of taxonomy as well as about its present practice.
   About thirty years ago there was much talk that geologists ought only to observe and not theorize; and I well remember someone saying that at this rate a man might as well go into a gravel-pit and count the pebbles and describe the colours. How odd it is that anyone should not see that all observation must be for or against some view if it is to be of any service!
C1 [Hamilton, Andrew] Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   [Wheeler, Quentin D.] Arizona State Univ, Coll Liberal Arts & Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
RP Hamilton, A (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
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PT J
AU Pandora, K
   Rader, KA
AF Pandora, Katherine
   Rader, Karen A.
TI Science in the everyday world - Why perspectives from the history of
   science matter
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID FRAMING SCIENCE; CULTURE; SOCIETY
AB The history of science is more than the history of scientists. This essay argues that various modem "publics" should be counted as belonging within an enlarged vision of who constitutes the "scientific community"-and describes how the history of science could be important for understanding their experiences. It gives three examples of how natural knowledge-making happens in vernacular contexts: Victorian Britain's publishing experiments in "popular science" as effective literary strategies for communicating to lay and specialist readers; twentieth-century American science museums as important and contested sites for conveying both scientific ideas and ideas about scientific practice; and contemporary mass-mediated images of the "ideal" scientist as providing counternarratives to received professional scientific norms. Finally, it suggests how humanistic knowledge might help both scientists and historians grapple more effectively with contemporary challenges presented by science in public spheres. By studying the making and elaboration of scientific knowledge within popular culture, historians of science can provide substantively grounded insights into the relations between the public and professionals.
C1 [Pandora, Katherine] Univ Oklahoma, Dept Hist Sci, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
   [Rader, Karen A.] Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Hist, Richmond, VA 23284 USA.
   [Rader, Karen A.] Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Sci Technol & Soc Initiat, Richmond, VA 23284 USA.
RP Pandora, K (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Dept Hist Sci, Phys Sci Bldg 619, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
EM kpandora@ou.edu; karader@vcu.edu
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ER

PT J
AU Wang, ZY
   Oreskes, N
AF Wang, Zuoyue
   Oreskes, Naomi
TI History of science and American science policy
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Historians of science have participated actively in debates over American science policy in the post-World War II period in a variety of ways, but their impact has been more to elucidate general concepts than to effect specific policy changes. Personal experiences, in the case of the debate over global warming, have demonstrated both the value and the limits of such involvement for the making of public policy. To be effective, historians of science need to strive for clarity in public expression, to accept the importance of engaging with the public at all levels and through diverse media, and, above all, to recognize that the nature of such debates will make normal scholarly nuance hard to achieve. Moreover, in the current political climate, historians may be surprised to find themselves defending sciences, when the usual stance of historians is to be critical.
C1 [Wang, Zuoyue] Calif State Polytech Univ Pomona, Dept Hist, Pomona, CA 91768 USA.
   [Oreskes, Naomi] Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Hist, San Diego, CA 92093 USA.
   [Oreskes, Naomi] Univ Calif San Diego, Sci Studies Program, San Diego, CA 92093 USA.
RP Wang, ZY (reprint author), Calif State Polytech Univ Pomona, Dept Hist, Pomona, CA 91768 USA.
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ER

PT J
AU Higgitt, R
   Withers, CWJ
AF Higgitt, Rebekah
   Withers, Charles W. J.
TI Science and sociability: Women as audience at the British Association
   for the Advancement of Science, 1831-1901
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This essay recovers the experiences of women at the meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) from its founding in 1831 to the end of the Victorian era. It aims to add to research on women in science by reconsidering the traditional role of women as consumers rather than producers of knowledge and to that on science popularization by focusing on audience experience rather than on the aims and strategies of popularizers. The essay argues that, in various ways, the ubiquitous and visible female audience came to define the BAAS audience and "the public" for science more generally. The women who swelled the BAAS audiences were accepted as a social element within the meetings even as they were regarded critically as scientific participants. Portrayed as passive and nonscientific, women allowed the male scientific elites to distance themselves from their audiences. Arguing from diary and other evidence, we present examples that complicate existing notions of audiences for science as necessarily active.
C1 [Higgitt, Rebekah] UCL, Dept Sci & Technol Studies, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Geog, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, Midlothian, Scotland.
RP Higgitt, R (reprint author), UCL, Dept Sci & Technol Studies, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, England.
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ER

PT J
AU Kohler, RE
AF Kohler, Robert E.
TI From farm and family to career naturalist: The apprenticeship of Vernon
   Bailey
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB How are scientists made? How, as young adults, have they discovered a scientific vocation and career? Through formal schooling, typically; but in the field sciences also through practical apprenticeship--through work. This essay presents the story of a frontier farm lad who became a career naturalist as a hired collector of animal specimens in the American West. Family and work are the leitmotifs of Vernon Bailey's story. It was family farming--bringing in the hay and finding the cows--that connected Bailey's love of skilled outdoor work with a desire to know nature scientifically. Traveling and working with professional naturalists, he came to see himself as a professional as well. His socialization was less a replacement than a layering of two identities, family and career.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Hist & Sociol Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
RP Kohler, RE (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Hist & Sociol Sci, Suite 303,Logan Hall,249 S 36th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
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PT J
AU Richardson, A
AF Richardson, Alan
TI Scientific philosophy as a topic for history of science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SOCIOLOGY; KNOWLEDGE
AB In lieu of a programmatic argument about the general relations of history of science and philosophy of science, this essay offers a particular topic in the history of philosophy of science that should be of interest to both historians and philosophers of science. It argues that questions typical of contemporary history of science could illuminate the recent history of philosophy of science and analytic philosophy. It also suggests that the history of scientific philosophy is a particularly fruitful arena for historians of science interested in issues of marginal science.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Physiol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
RP Richardson, A (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Physiol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
EM alanr@interchange.ubc.ca
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PT J
AU Daston, L
AF Daston, Lorraine
TI On scientific observation
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB For much of the last forty years, certain shared epistemological concerns have guided research in both the history and the philosophy of science: the testing of theory (including the replication of experiments), the assessment of evidence, the bearing of theoretical and metaphysical assumptions on the reality of scientific objects, and, above all, the interaction of subjective and objective factors in scientific inquiry. This essay proposes a turn toward ontology - more specifically, toward the ontologies created and sustained by scientific observation. Such a shift in focus would invite a rethinking of the neo-Kantian distinctions (along with their characteristic metaphors, such as "lenses," "filters," and "perspectives") that have, implicitly or explicitly, informed much of late twentieth-century history and philosophy of science. In particular, the current gap between psychology and epistemology might be bridged, if the psychology in question were collective rather than individual and the epistemology oriented toward discovery rather than warranting and testing.
C1 Max Planck Inst Hist Sci, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
RP Daston, L (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Hist Sci, Boltzmannstr 22, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
EM ldaston@mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de
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PT J
AU Galison, P
AF Galison, Peter
TI Ten problems in history and philosophy of science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB In surveying the field of history and philosophy of science (HPS), it may be more useful just now to pose some key questions than it would be to lay out the sundry competing attempts to unify H and P. The ten problems this essay presents are grounded in a range of work of enormous interest - historical and philosophical work that has made use of productive categories of analysis: context, historicism, purity, and microhistory, to name but a few. What kind of account are we after - historically and philosophically - when we attempt to address science not as a vacuous generality but in its specific, local formation?.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Sci Ctr 371, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Galison, P (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Sci Ctr 371, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
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PT J
AU Friedman, M
AF Friedman, Michael
TI History and philosophy of science in a new key
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This essay considers the relationship between history of science and philosophy of science from Thomas Kuhn to the present. This relationship, of course, has often been troubled, but there is now new hope for an ongoing productive interaction - due to an increasing awareness, among other things, of the mutual entanglement between the development of modern science and the development of modern philosophy on the part of both professional (historically minded) philosophers and professional historians of science. This idea is illustrated with several examples, including the entanglement of Einstein's theory of relativity with logical empiricism and its precursors and the entanglement of the analytic tradition in philosophy first with mathematical logic and then (through mathematical logic) with the cognitive sciences. Against this background, finally, the essay considers the emergence of contemporary social and cultural history of science from the Kantian and neo-Kantian philosophical traditions.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Philosophy, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
RP Friedman, M (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Philosophy, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
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NR 33
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 2008
VL 99
IS 1
BP 125
EP 134
DI 10.1086/587537
PG 10
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 291VN
UT WOS:000255225300007
ER

PT J
AU Burkhardt, RW
AF Burkhardt, Richard W., Jr.
TI The leopard in the garden life in close quarters at the museum
   d'Histoire Naturelle
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT Annual Meeting of the History-of-Science-Society
CY NOV   04, 2006
CL Vancouver, CANADA
SP Hist Sci Soc
ID HISTORY
AB French naturalists at the Museum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris in the early nineteenth century recognized that their individual and collective successes were intimately linked to questions of power over specimens. France's strength abroad affected the growth of the museum's collections. At the museum, preserving, naming, classifying, displaying, interpreting, and otherwise deploying specimens went hand in hand with promoting scientific theories, advancing scientific careers, and instructing the public. The control of specimens, both literally and figuratively, was the museum's ongoing concern. The leopard in this essay's title, a live specimen confiscated from the streets of Paris in 1793, serves here to represent the tensions created in an existing order of things by the introduction of a potentially disruptive agent. The essay explores the life of the museum and the interrelations among its naturalists, the special challenges created by the establishment of a menagerie, and the histories of particular specimens and ideas.
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Hist, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
RP Burkhardt, RW (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Hist, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
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NR 79
TC 4
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD DEC
PY 2007
VL 98
IS 4
BP 675
EP 694
PG 20
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 250OQ
UT WOS:000252310300001
ER

PT J
AU Olesko, KM
AF Olesko, Kathryn M.
TI The world we have lost - History as art
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Among the recently published historical novels and "little books" on topics in the history of science, Daniel Kehlmann's Measuring the World ( trans. 2006) offers an opportunity to reflect critically on the relationship between narrative structure and historical evidence.
C1 Georgetown Univ, Dept Hist, Washington, DC 20057 USA.
RP Olesko, KM (reprint author), Georgetown Univ, Dept Hist, Washington, DC 20057 USA.
EM oleskok@georgetown.edu
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NR 24
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PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
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J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD DEC
PY 2007
VL 98
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BP 760
EP 768
DI 10.1086/529267
PG 9
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 250OQ
UT WOS:000252310300005
ER

PT J
AU Gascoigne, J
AF Gascoigne, John
TI "Getting a fix" - The Longitude phenomenon
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID HISTORY-OF-SCIENCE
AB Using Dava Sobel's best-sellling Longitude as its departure point, this essay considers the varying goals of the popular and the academic historian of science. It argues that, though there is common ground, there are major differences between the two in terms of style, use of evidence, approach to context, and thematic focus. Nonetheless, academics have much to learn from writers such as Sobel in addressing a wider audience and relating specialized studies to wider concerns.
C1 Univ New S Wales, Sch Hist & Philosophy, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
RP Gascoigne, J (reprint author), Univ New S Wales, Sch Hist & Philosophy, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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NR 27
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PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
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J9 ISIS
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PY 2007
VL 98
IS 4
BP 769
EP 778
DI 10.1086/529268
PG 10
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 250OQ
UT WOS:000252310300006
ER

PT J
AU Principe, LM
AF Principe, Lawrence M.
TI Transmuting history
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The dissemination of accurate accounts of the history of science to a wider public is a crucial enterprise. Both professional historians of science and popular writers have key contributions to make in this endeavor, and they can learn valuable lessons from each other. The need to provide correct, up-to-date, and well-documented and well-attributed narratives is equally incumbent on both groups. Popular texts can be both engagingly written and truthful about history and its methods, and professional historians should be encouraged to try their hand at this genre on occasion, borrowing what is useful from popular writers and enriching it with their own firsthand experience of historical research. Finally, the intelligence of the reading public should not be underestimated, and it would be injudicious for historians to miss the opportunity of presenting our enterprise and its results directly to that public.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Hist Sci & Technol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
RP Principe, LM (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Hist Sci & Technol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
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   Morris R., 2003, LAST SORCERERS
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NR 11
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PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
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PY 2007
VL 98
IS 4
BP 779
EP 787
DI 10.1086/529269
PG 9
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 250OQ
UT WOS:000252310300007
ER

PT J
AU Gillispie, CC
AF Gillispie, Charles C.
TI The distorted meridian
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Denis Guedj's La Meridienne (1792-1799); ou comment Jean-Baptiste Delambre et Pierre Mechain, traversant la France revolutionnaire a la rencontre l'un de l'autre, parvinrent a definir un nouvel etalon universel, le metre, is a novel about the survey of the meridian of Paris on which the metric system was based. The author's account distorts and falsifies the facts in order to make what he considers a good story. This essay contrasts that approach with writings on history of science by other than historians of science and with two historical novels that are faithful to the historical record.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Hist, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
RP Gillispie, CC (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Hist, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 250OQ
UT WOS:000252310300008
ER

PT J
AU Lehoux, D
AF Lehoux, Daryn
TI Observers, objects, and the embedded eye; or, seeing and knowing in
   ptolemy and Galen
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID PHOTOGRAPHY; REPRESENTATION
AB This essay explores the ways in which theories and entities are culturally and intellectually embedded in historical and disciplinary contexts by looking at the development of a set of related theories of perception that emerged in response to contemporary Sceptical criticisms of the very possibility of doing empirical science. At the same time, it attempts to bring into focus a puzzle about precisely how ( and how deeply) seeing itself is conditioned.
C1 Univ Manchester, Sch Arts Hist & Cultures, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
RP Lehoux, D (reprint author), Univ Manchester, Sch Arts Hist & Cultures, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
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PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD SEP
PY 2007
VL 98
IS 3
BP 447
EP 467
DI 10.1086/521152
PG 21
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 219MK
UT WOS:000250089100001
ER

PT J
AU Kingsland, SE
AF Kingsland, Sharon E.
TI Maintaining continuity through a scientific revolution - A Rereading of
   E. B. Wilson and T. H. Morgan on sex determination and Mendelism
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID LIMITED INHERITANCE; CHROMOSOMES; HEREDITY; DROSOPHILA; CONVERSION;
   GENES; VIEW
AB A rereading of the American scientific literature on sex determination from 1902 to 1926 leads to a different understanding of the construction of the Mendelian- chromosome theory after 1910. There was significant intellectual continuity, which has not been properly appreciated, underlying this scientific " revolution." After reexamining the relationship between the ideas of key scientists, in particular Edmund B. Wilson and Thomas Hunt Morgan, I argue that, contrary to the historical literature, Wilson and Morgan did not adopt opposing views on Mendelism and sex determination. Rather, each preferred a non-Mendelian explanation of the determination of sex. Around 1910, both integrated the Mendelian and non- Mendelian theories to create a synthetic theory. One problem was the need to avoid an overly deterministic view of sex while also accepting the validity of Mendelism. Morgan's discovery of mutations on the X chromosome takes on different significance when set in the context of the debate about sex determination, and Calvin Bridges's work on sex determination is better seen as a development of Morgan's ideas, rather than a departure from them. Conclusions point to the role of synthesis within fields as a way to advance scientific theories and reflect on the relationship between synthesis and explanatory " pluralism" in biology.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Hist Sci & Technol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
RP Kingsland, SE (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Hist Sci & Technol, 3505 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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ER

PT J
AU Elman, BA
AF Elman, Benjamin A.
TI New directions in the history of modern science in China - Global
   science and comparative history
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB These essays collectively present new perspectives on the history of modern science in China since 1900. Fa- ti Fan describes how science under the Republic of China after 1911 exhibited a complex local and international character that straddled both imperialism and colonialism. Danian Hu focuses on the fate of relativity in the physics community in China after 1917. Zuoyue Wang hopes that a less nationalist political atmosphere in China will stimulate more transnational studies of modern science, which will in turn reveal the underlying commonalities in different national contexts. Sigrid Schmalzer compares the socialist and the capitalist contexts for science in China and reopens the sensitive question of the " mass line" during the Cultural Revolution. Grace Shen describes the tensions early Chinese scientists felt when choosing between foreign models for modern geology and their own professional identities in China. Taken together, these accounts present us with a comparative history of modern science in China that is both globally and locally informed.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept E Asian Studies, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
RP Elman, BA (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept E Asian Studies, 211 Jones Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
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ER

PT J
AU Fan, FT
AF Fan, Fa-ti
TI Redrawing the map - Science in twentieth-century China
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID HAICHENG EARTHQUAKE
AB This essay argues that science in twentieth- century China is a rich topic that can be productively integrated into research and teaching on the history of modern science. It identifies major issues of science in twentieth- century China and demonstrates that they can prove useful to any scholar who wishes to consider science in a comparative and trans/ international context. The essay suggests two important steps for a fruitful investigation into the topic of science in twentieth- century China: first, revising the historiographic assumptions and categories that underlie much of the conventional historical narrative of modern science; and, second, breaking free from the tunnel history of national science. To illustrate these points, the essay examines a series of case studies of science in modern China and discusses the relevance of such subjects as scientific nationalism, Maoist mass science, and transnational scientific networks for the understanding of science in the twentieth- century world.
C1 SUNY Binghamton, Dept Hist, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA.
RP Fan, FT (reprint author), SUNY Binghamton, Dept Hist, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA.
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ER

PT J
AU Hu, DN
AF Hu, Danian
TI The reception of relativity in China
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Having introduced the theory of relativity from Japan, the Chinese quickly and enthusiastically embraced it during the May Fourth Movement, virtually without controversy. This unique passion for and openness to relativity, which helped advance the study of theoretical physics in China in the 1930s, was gradually replaced by imported Soviet criticism after 1949. During the Cultural Revolution, radical Chinese ideologues sponsored organized campaigns against Einstein and relativity, inflicting serious damage on Chinese science and scientific education. China's economic reforms in the late 1970s empowered scientists and presented them with the opportunity to rehabilitate Einstein and call for social democracy. Einstein has since become the symbol in China of the unity of science and democracy, the two eminent objectives of the May Fourth Movement that remain to be achieved in full. Using the reception of relativity as a case study, the essay also discusses issues involving the historical study of modern Chinese science.
C1 CUNY City Coll, Dept Hist, New York, NY 10031 USA.
   CUNY City Coll, Asian Studies Program, New York, NY 10031 USA.
RP Hu, DN (reprint author), CUNY City Coll, Dept Hist, 138th St & Convent Ave,NA 5-129D, New York, NY 10031 USA.
EM danian.hu@aya.yale.edu
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ER

PT J
AU Wang, ZY
AF Wang, Zuoyue
TI Science and the state in modern China
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The question of the role of the state has, in one way or another, dominated historical studies of science and technology in modern China, a field that has experienced rapid growth since the early 1980s both inside and outside of China. While Western scholars have focused their analysis on the state control of science and scientists, Chinese historians and writers, often working under political restrictions, have largely adopted a descriptive approach with an emphasis on biographical, institutional, and disciplinary histories and on the theme of Chinese nationalism. The emergence of an international community of younger historians of science, the easing of access to primary source materials, and new attention to transnational and comparative perspectives promise to make the field an exciting area of scholarship.
C1 Calif State Polytech Univ Pomona, Dept Hist, Pomona, CA 91768 USA.
RP Wang, ZY (reprint author), Calif State Polytech Univ Pomona, Dept Hist, Pomona, CA 91768 USA.
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PT J
AU Schmalzer, S
AF Schmalzer, Sigrid
TI On the appropriate use of rose-colored glasses - Reflections on science
   in socialist China
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB In the 1970s and early 1980s, many Westerners wrote enthusiastically about science as practiced in socialist China. They applauded the mobilization of broad sectors of the population for science that truly " served the people." By the mid- 1980s, revelations about the many horrors of the Cultural Revolution worked to discredit these early, optimistic accounts. At the same time, the post- Mao privileging of economic development over social revolution ( which meshes well with dominant Western attitudes) now strongly colors almost all analyses of science in socialist China. This essay encourages historians to retrieve the largely discarded rosy accounts of earlier years. Such sources provide insight into the goals of historical actors and challenge us to recognize the specificity and contingency of our own values. Used in tandem with the later sources, they can help us achieve a critical understanding of science in both socialist China and our own historical context.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Hist, Amherst, MA 01060 USA.
RP Schmalzer, S (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Hist, Herter Hall, Amherst, MA 01060 USA.
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PT J
AU Shen, G
AF Shen, Grace
TI Murky waters - Thoughts on desire, utility, and the "sea of modern
   science"
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID CHINA
AB Historians of science in modern China have tried to challenge misconceptions that late nineteenth- and early twentieth- century Chinese were slow to master science or, worse, that they missed the point of science altogether. In so doing, we have often put aside basic questions - like why Chinese were interested in modern science in the first place or how they found modern science useful for their own purposes - in order to demonstrate the quality and advancement of scientific work in China. But overlooking these underlying issues not only strengthens the myth of science as an obvious and inevitable step in development; it also limits the relevance of the Chinese case to the history of science more broadly. If, instead, the spread of science is reconceptualized as a problem of desire and utility, the Chinese example may suggest interesting new avenues for the study of cultural innovation across geographic and disciplinary frameworks.
C1 York Univ, Div Humanities, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
RP Shen, G (reprint author), York Univ, Div Humanities, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
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GA 219MK
UT WOS:000250089100009
ER

PT J
AU Keene, M
AF Keene, Melanie
TI "Every boy & girl a scientist" - Instruments for children in interwar
   Britain
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID EDUCATION; SCIENCE
AB Historians of science have identified toys as part of their subject's material culture, but there has been little exploration of the production and use of educational or playful objects. Moreover, academic writing on science for children has focused on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This essay argues that our understanding of historical science education can be enhanced by exploring twentieth-century instruments. It uses the example of Construments sets, with which children could build a wide variety of optical instruments from a series of standardized parts. Invented by C. W. Hansel, a school science master, Construments were founded in and responded to contemporary educational practices and debates over "general science," as well as addressing characteristic interwar concerns about adaptability and economy and older ideals of rational entertainment. By exploring the company's instruments, promotional literature, and magazine, and by drawing on the memories of contemporary users, I reconstruct the contexts in which Construments were used, emphasizing the creation of heterogeneous communities vital for the transmission of skills and knowledge.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Cambridge CB2 3RH, England.
RP Keene, M (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Free Sch Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RH, England.
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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ER

PT J
AU Proctor, RN
AF Proctor, Robert N.
TI "-Logos," "-Ismos," and "-Ikos" - The political iconicity of
   denominative suffixes in science (or, phonesthemic tints and taints in
   the coining of science domain names)
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB How are names for new disciplinary fields coined? Here a new (and fun) way to look at the history of such coinages is proposed, focusing on how phonesthemic tints and taints figure in decisions to adopt one type of suffix rather than another. The most common suffixes used in such coinages ("-logy," "-ics," etc.) convey semantic and evaluative content quite unpredictable from literal (root) meanings alone. Pharmaceutical manufacturers have long grasped the point, but historians have paid little attention to how suffixes of one sort or another become productive. A romp through examples from English shows that certain suffixes have become "hard" or "soft" in consequence of the status of their most prominent carrier disciplines. The "-ics" ending came to signify hardness in consequence of the prestige of physics, for example (with "-metrics" as the arteriosclerosis of suffixes), while lower-status (less "hard") disciplines have developed alternate endings (such as "studies"). Some suffixes are eschewed for their perceived ideologic slant (the "-isms," for example). Historians of science need to think more about the pragmatics of language, a task made easier by information technologies and databases that allow searches for words by suffix and first known use.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Hist, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
RP Proctor, RN (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Hist, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
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PT J
AU De Renzi, S
AF De Renzi, Silvia
TI Medical expertise, bodies, and the law in early modern courts
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Going beyond Enlightenment critiques of ancien regime justice, historians are now exploring its distinctive procedures; courtrooms have become a fundamental site for recapturing early modern political and social dynamics. Historians of science and medicine can benefit too. Serving as expert witnesses was prominent among the activities of medical practitioners; and, especially in Continental Europe, natural and medical knowledge was routinely presented and contested in tribunals. This essay aims to promote further research on the resulting wealth of manuscript and printed sources that give access to crucial social and epistemological issues. The voices of different actors, preserved in trial records, can extend our histories of the body. The relations among medical practitioners, and with the legal authorities, provide a hitherto neglected context within which to understand contemporary epistemological debates, from claims and challenges to expertise to the definition and production of evidence, including the status of signs, personal observation, and tests.
C1 Open Univ, Dept Hist Sci Technol & Med, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
RP De Renzi, S (reprint author), Open Univ, Dept Hist Sci Technol & Med, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
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PT J
AU Kevles, DJ
AF Kevles, Daniel J.
TI Patents, protections, and privileges - The establishment of intellectual
   property in animals and plants
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Utility patent protection has been granted broadly to living organisms in the United States only in the last quarter century, but in the late nineteenth century, for reasons related to the nationalization of agricultural markets, animal breeders and plant innovators began attempting to devise alternative arrangements to protect intellectual property (IP) in their living products. The arrangements had to take into account both the requirements of IP protection and the various ways the organisms could be reproduced. For animals, prior to patentability, the arrangements involved mainly breed associations and registries. Plant innovators tried to achieve returns from their IP through pricing strategies and trademarks. Finding neither adequate, they began to agitate for legislation that would protect their type of IP, an effort that resulted in the passage of the Plant Patent Act of 1930, the first legislation anywhere to extend a type of patent protection to living products.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Hist, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
RP Kevles, DJ (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Hist, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
CR BUGBEE BW, 1967, GENESIS AM PATENT CO, P152
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   1980, BRIEF AMICUS CURIAE
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PT J
AU Winter, A
AF Winter, Alison
TI A forensics of the mind
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This essay discusses the yoked history of witnessing in science and the law and examines the history of attempts, over the past century, to use science to improve the surety of witness testimony. It examines some of these projects, particularly in the 1960s and 1970s. The essay argues that modern psychology offers a particularly problematic form of expertise because its focus is a task central to the jury's mandate, the evaluation of a witness and his or her testimony. It concludes that a key feature of modern disputes over the legal relevance of psychological techniques is not the quality or character of the expertise being offered to the court but, rather, the question of whether expertise is needed at all and under what circumstances it should impinge on the jury's decision making.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Hist, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
RP Winter, A (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Dept Hist, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
CR ALDER, 2002, REPRESENTATIONS, V80, P1
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PT J
AU Jasanoff, S
AF Jasanoff, Sheila
TI Bhopal's trials of knowledge and ignorance
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The disastrous gas leak at a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India, in December 1984 displayed the law's tragic inability to cope with the consequences of technological globalization. This essay describes the protracted efforts of the gas victims to obtain relief from courts in India and the United States and the reasons why the settlement of their legal claims did not satisfy their demands for justice. The victims ' self-knowledge, whether scientific or social, found no traction in official medical record keeping or in courts of law. Their experience highlights the structural asymmetries of technology transfer across national boundaries. Union Carbide's technology of production moved from West to East with little hindrance and, in retrospect, with insufficient regard to conditions in Bhopal. By contrast, India's attempts to transfer legal accountability back to the exporting country proved essentially impossible, as American courts insisted that claims be resolved by Indian judges under Indian law.
C1 Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Jasanoff, S (reprint author), Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
CR BAXI U, 1990, VALIANT VICTIMS LETH, P61
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PT J
AU Naylor, R
AF Naylor, Ron
TI Galileo's tidal theory
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID TIDES
AB The aim of Galileo's tidal theory was to show that the tides were produced entirely by the earth's motion and thereby to demonstrate the physical truth of Copernicanism. However, in the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Galileo did not explain some of the most significant aspects of the theory completely. As a consequence, the way the theory works has long been disputed. Though there exist a number of interpretations in the literature, the most widely accepted are based on ideas that are not explicitly articulated by Galileo in the Dialogue. This essay attempts to understand the way the theory functions in terms of Galilean physics. It is an interpretation of the theory based solely on Galileo's arguments-and one that reveals it to have had some unrecognized consequences. This interpretation indicates that Galileo's theory would not have worked in the manner he described in the Dialogue.
C1 Millfields, Colchester CO6 9JT, Essex, England.
RP Naylor, R (reprint author), Millfields, Quay Rd, Colchester CO6 9JT, Essex, England.
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ER

PT J
AU Rankin, A
AF Rankin, Alisha
TI Becoming an expert practitioner - Court experimentalism and the medical
   skills of Anna of Saxony (1532-1585)
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID PATRONAGE; SCIENCE
AB This essay proposes that the well-documented interest in empirical and experimental practice at the early modern German courts was not limited to male practitioners. Just as princes evinced an interest in practical alchemy, mathematics, and astronomy, a large number of gentlewomen became expert medical practitioners. Using a case study of one noblewoman, Electress Anna of Saxony, I would like to expand the notion of "prince-practitioning" to a more general and inclusive "court experimentalism." Like the prince-practitioners, Anna engaged in a laborious attempt to learn the hands-on techniques involved in becoming an expert; she collaborated with both noblewomen and noblemen in her efforts; and she semantically linked her medicine to the alchemical skills (Kunste) practiced by her husband, Elector August. Although court experimentalism cannot be equated with experimentation in the modem sense, medicine is one area in which women actively shared in the early modem fascination with empirical knowledge.
C1 Univ Cambridge Trinity Coll, Cambridge CB2 1TQ, England.
RP Rankin, A (reprint author), Univ Cambridge Trinity Coll, Cambridge CB2 1TQ, England.
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PT J
AU Williams, EA
AF Williams, Elizabeth A.
TI Neuroses of the stomach - Eating, gender, and psychopathology in French
   medicine, 1800-1870
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID NERVOSA
AB In the period 1800-1870, French physicians approached psychic illness (Philippe Pinel's "neurosis") within competing "cerebralist" and "visceralist" frameworks. Cerebralism, which dominated the specialty of mental medicine, sought the origins of psychic illness in lesions of the brain and central nervous system. "Visceralism," upheld by generalists, clung to the view of the ancients that psychic disorder was seated in the abdominal viscera. The distinction enjoyed credibility thanks to widespread acceptance of Xavier Bichat's "two lives" doctrine, which demarcated functions of the central and the "vegetative" nervous systems. Once the "two lives" conception was undercut after midcentury, cerebralists sought to draw disturbances of appetite, digestion, and eating within the domain of the central nervous system. This essay suggests that historical study of "hysterical anorexia" and related disease entities that displaced "neuroses of the stomach" has overemphasized sociocultural determinants to the neglect of the internal dynamics of biomedical science.
C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Hist, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA.
RP Williams, EA (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Hist, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA.
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ER

PT J
AU Alder, K
AF Alder, Ken
TI Introduction
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This Focus section-a token of the renewed attention that historians are paying to material artifacts-is devoted to "thick things," a phrase meant to invoke the multiple meanings ascribed to particular material artifacts, even those apparently subject to the thinning regime of modem science. In contrast to Darwinian and/or functionalist explanations for technological change, the essays in this section show how things are as much assemblages of ethical, aesthetic, and political prescriptions as they are elements in the service of any narrow utility. In doing so, the essays undermine misleading dichotomies, such as science/technology, idea/thing, and especially developed/underdeveloped. They point toward a renewed sense of what a reformulated materialism might still accomplish.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Hist, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
RP Alder, K (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Hist, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
CR ADLER K, 1998, SOC STUD SCI, V24, P499
   Basalla G., 1988, EVOLUTION TECHNOLOGY
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PT J
AU Tresch, J
AF Tresch, John
TI Technological world-pictures - Cosmic things and cosmograms
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Martin Heidegger's notion of things as gatherings that disclose a world conveys the "thickness" of everyday objects. This essay extends his discussion of things-part of a sustained criticism of modem technology-to technological objects as well. As a corrective to his totalizing, even totalitarian, generalizations about "enframing" and "the age of the world-picture," and to a more widespread tendency among critics of modernity to present technology in only the most dystopian, uniform, and claustrophobic terms, this essay explores two species of technical object: cosmic things and cosmograms. The first suggests how an ordinary object may contain an entire cosmos, the second how a cosmos may be treated as just another thing. These notions are proposed as a basis for comparison
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Hist & Sociol Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
RP Tresch, J (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Hist & Sociol Sci, Logan Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
CR Alder K, 1998, SOC STUD SCI, V28, P499, DOI 10.1177/030631298028004001
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   Heidegger M., 1966, DISCOURSE THINKING T
   Holly MA, 2002, ART BULL, V84, P660, DOI 10.2307/3177289
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   Ihde D, 2004, PHILOS SCI, V71, P117, DOI 10.1086/381417
   Latour B, 2004, CRIT INQUIRY, V30, P225, DOI 10.1086/421123
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   NOBLE DF, 1999, RELIG TECHNOLOGY DIV
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PT J
AU Hecht, G
AF Hecht, Gabrielle
TI A cosmogram for nuclear things
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB What things make a state "nuclear," what makes things "nuclear," and how do we know? The degree to which-and purpose for which-a nation, a program, a technology, or a material counts as "nuclear" is not always a matter of consensus. Nuclearity depends on history and geography, science and technology, bodies and politics, radiation and race, states and capitalism. It is not so much an essential property of things, as it is distributed in things. Settlements about degrees of nuclearity structure global control over the flow of radioactive materials; they constitute the conceptual bedrock of antinuclear movements and nuclear power industries; they affect regulatory frameworks for occupational health and compensation for work-related illnesses. This essay explores these themes by contemplating the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the implementation of safeguards, and a few other nuclear things.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Hist, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
RP Hecht, G (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Hist, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
CR Abraham I, 2006, OSIRIS, V21, P49, DOI 10.1086/507135
   HECHT G, 2006, CONSTELLATIONS, V13, P470
   Hecht G, 2002, SOC STUD SCI, V32, P691, DOI 10.1177/030631202128967389
   SCIOLINO E, 2006, NY TIMES        0618, P8
   Tresch J, 2005, COSMOGRAMS, P67
   WINNER L, 1980, DAEDALUS, V109, P121
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PT J
AU Bijker, WE
AF Bijker, Wiebe E.
TI Dikes and dams, thick with politics
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Things are thick with politics. This essay illustrates the point by focusing on a variety of technologies that help to manage water: anicuts and tanks in India, dikes and a storm surge barrier in the Netherlands, and levees in New Orleans. Technologies are not only shaped by political forces; they also exert political force themselves: on social stratification in Indian villages or on government stability in the Netherlands. We should recognize, then, that the functioning of technologies and the functioning of societies are intricately linked. The essay traces this interlinking by using the concept of "technological culture." It argues that the different styles of coastal engineering in the United States and in the Netherlands can be explained by differences in their technological cultures, particularly the different styles of risk handling. This conclusion is then applied to the Indian case and to issues of development, democracy, and innovation.
C1 Maastricht Univ, Fac Arts & Social Sci, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands.
RP Bijker, WE (reprint author), Maastricht Univ, Fac Arts & Social Sci, Postbox 616, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands.
CR Bijker W. E., 2006, OXFORD HDB CONTEXTUA, P681
   Bijker WE, 2007, SOC STUD SCI, V37, P143, DOI 10.1177/0306312706069437
   Callon M., 2003, TECHNOL SOC, V25, P193, DOI 10.1016/S0160-791X(03)00021-6
   Kaijser A, 2002, TECHNOL CULT, V43, P521, DOI 10.1353/tech.2002.0120
   KRISHNAN C, 2003, THESIS INDIAN I TECH
   WINNER L, 1980, DAEDALUS, V109, P121
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PT J
AU Alder, K
AF Alder, Ken
TI America's two gadgets - Of bombs and polygraphs
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This essay pairs two prototypically American technological objects of the mid-twentieth century: the atomic bomb and the lie detector. Although the former has been touted as the supreme achievement of modem technoscience, and the latter dismissed as a placebo device, the two "gadgets" actually performed in analogous fashion. Indeed, the essay suggests that these technologies are best understood not in terms of narrow functionality but in terms of their performance-akin to that of Frankenstein's monster-in the domains of justice, popular culture, and geopolitics. Specifically, it argues that the mutually supportive roles played by the two objects underscore the ways in which the theater of deterrence sustained American sovereignty during the era of the Cold War.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Hist, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
RP Alder, K (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Hist, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
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PT J
AU Latour, B
AF Latour, Bruno
TI Can we get our materialism back, please?
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Technology is epistemology's poor relative. It still carries the baggage of a definition of matter handed down to it by another odd definition of scientific activity. The consequence is that many descriptions of "things" have nothing "thingly" about them. They are simply "objects" mistaken for things. Hence the necessity of a new descriptive style that circumvents the limits of the materialist (in effect idealist) definition of material existence. This is what has been achieved in the group of essays on "Thick Things" for which this note serves as an afterword.
C1 Sci Po Paris, F-75007 Paris, France.
RP Latour, B (reprint author), Sci Po Paris, 10 Rue Chaise, F-75007 Paris, France.
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PT J
AU Hankins, TL
AF Hankins, Thomas L.
TI A "large and graceful sinuosity" - John Herschel's graphical method
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID EARLY 19TH-CENTURY; HISTORY; STARS
AB In 1833 John Herschel published a graphical method for determining the orbits of double stars. He argued that his method, which depended on human judgment rather than mathematical analysis, gave better results than computation, given the uncertainty in the data. Herschel found that astronomy and terrestrial physics were especially suitable for graphical treatment, and he expected that graphs would soon become important in all areas of science. He argued with William Whewell and James D. Forbes over the process of induction, over the application of probability, and over the moral content of science. Graphs entered into all these debates; but because they constituted a method, not a metaphysics, they were acceptable to most practicing scientists and became increasingly popular throughout the nineteenth century.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Hist, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
RP Hankins, TL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Hist, Box 353560, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
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ER

PT J
AU McCray, WP
AF McCray, W. Patrick
TI Amateur scientists, the international geophysical year, and the
   ambitions of Fred Whipple
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID PROFESSIONALS; SCIENCE; ASTRONOMY
AB The contribution of amateur scientists to the International Geophysical Year (IGY) was substantial, especially in the arena of spotting artificial satellites. This article examines how Fred L. Whipple and his colleagues recruited satellite spotters for Moonwatch, a program for amateur scientists initiated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) in 1956. At the same time, however, the administrators with responsibility for the IGY program closely monitored and managed-sometimes even contested-amateur participation. IGY programs like Moonwatch provided valuable scientific information and gave amateurs opportunities to contribute actively to the research of professional scientists. Moonwatch, which operated until 1975, eventually became the public face of a vast satellite-tracking network that expanded the SAO's global reach and helped further Whipple's professional goals. Understanding amateurs' interactions with the professional science community enables us better to understand the IGY as a phenomenon that enlisted broad participation and transcended traditional boundaries between professional and amateur scientists.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Hist, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
RP McCray, WP (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Hist, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
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ER

PT J
AU Terrall, M
AF Terrall, Mary
TI Mathematics in narratives of geodetic expeditions
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT Inerdisciplinary Conference on Mathematics and Narrative
CY 2005
CL Mykonos, GREECE
ID MAUPERTUIS; SHAPE
AB In eighteenth-century France, geodesy (the measure of the earth's shape) became an arena where mathematics and narrative intersected productively. Mathematics played a crucial role not only in the measurements and analysis necessary to geodesy but also in the narrative accounts that presented the results of elaborate and expensive expeditions to the reading public. When they returned to France to write these accounts after their travels, mathematician-observers developed a variety of ways to display numbers and mathematical arguments and techniques. The numbers, equations, and diagrams they produced could not be separated from the story of their acquisition. Reading these accounts for the interplay of these two aspects-the mathematical and the narrative-shows how travelers articulated the intellectual and physical difficulties of their work to enhance the value of their results for specialist and lay readers alike.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Hist, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
RP Terrall, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Hist, 6265 Bunche Hall,Box 951473, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
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PT J
AU Richards, JL
AF Richards, Joan L.
TI Historical mathematics in the French eighteenth century
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT Inerdisciplinary Conference on Mathematics and Narrative
CY 2005
CL Mykonos, GREECE
AB At least since the seventeenth century, the strange combination of epistemological certainty and ontological power that characterizes mathematics has made it a major focus of philosophical, social, and cultural negotiation. In the eighteenth century, all of these factors were at play as mathematical thinkers struggled to assimilate and extend the analysis they had inherited from the seventeenth century. A combination of educational convictions and historical assumptions supported a humanistic mathematics essentially defined by its flexibility and breadth. This mathematics was an expression of l'esprit humain, which was unfolding in a progressive historical narrative. The French Revolution dramatically altered the historical and educational landscapes that had supported this eighteenth-century approach, and within thirty years Augustin Louis Cauchy had radically reconceptualized and restructured mathematics to be rigorous rather than narrative.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Hist, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
RP Richards, JL (reprint author), Brown Univ, Dept Hist, 142 Angell St,Box N, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
CR BELHOUSTE B, 1985, CAUCHY MATH LEGITIMI
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PT J
AU Alexander, AR
AF Alexander, Amir R.
TI Tragic mathematics - Romantic narratives and the refounding of
   mathematics in the early nineteenth century
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT Inerdisciplinary Conference on Mathematics and Narrative
CY 2005
CL Mykonos, GREECE
AB A new, Romantic type of mathematical story appeared in the early nineteenth century that was radically different from the sober narrative characteristic of the previous generation of mathematicians. At the same time, a new mathematical practice emerged that differed sharply from the understanding and practice of mathematics during the Enlightenment. These parallel developments are inseparable: the new type of mathematical practice went hand in hand with the new mathematical story.
RP Alexander, AR (reprint author), 6941 Pomelo Dr, Canoga Pk, CA 91307 USA.
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PT J
AU Coen, DR
AF Coen, Deborah R.
TI A lens of many facets - Science through a family's eyes
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID CULTURE
AB This essay argues for the relevance of the history of family life to the history of science, taking the example of the Exners of Vienna. The Exners were an influential case of the nineteenth-century European phenomenon of the "scientific dynasty." The focus here is on their collaborative research on color theory at the turn of the twentieth century. At first glance, this project looks like a reactionary strike against aesthetic innovation, a symptom of what historians assume was an unbridgeable gulf between scientific reason and artistic modernism. We can better understand the Exners' motivations by situating this research at the intersection of the family's public and private lives. The domestic context sheds light on their use of such scientific terms as "subjective," "normal," and "universal," providing a more nuanced sense of what rationality really meant in fin-de-siecle Vienna.
C1 Columbia Univ Barnard Coll, Dept Hist, New York, NY 10027 USA.
RP Coen, DR (reprint author), Columbia Univ Barnard Coll, Dept Hist, 415 Lehman Hall,3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027 USA.
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PT J
AU Park, K
AF Park, Katharine
TI Women, gender, and utopia - The Death of Nature and the historiography
   of early modern science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID HISTORY; BACON
AB This essay reflects on the ambivalent reception of The Death of Nature among English-speaking historians of early modern science. It argues that, despite its importance, the book was mostly ignored or marginalized by these historians (as opposed to historians interested in feminist or environmental studies) for a variety of reasons. These included the special role played by the "Scientific Revolution" in the grand narrative that increasingly shaped the historiography of science beginning in the 1940s and the subsequent "hyperprofessionalism" of the discipline as a whole. The essay concludes by placing Carolyn Merchant's work in the context of feminist utopian writing of the late 1970s and calls for renewed attention to the history of the utopian genre as a resource for teachers and feminist scholars of the history of science.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Park, K (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Sci Ctr 371, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
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AU Mitman, G
AF Mitman, Gregg
TI Where ecology, nature, and politics meet: Reclaiming The Death of Nature
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID NEW-ORLEANS ASTHMA
AB The Death of Nature offered a promising bridge between the history of ecological thought, a subject of the history of science, and the history of environmental change, the purview of environmental history. Such bridging was an ambitious goal, hindered, as this essay argues, by the histories and politics of academic disciplines and their publics. Directions in both the history of science and environmental history, as well as the current political climate in the United States, make today an opportune moment once again to explore productive places of exchange that The Death of Nature invited us to consider twenty-five years ago.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hist Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Med Hist & Bioeth, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
RP Mitman, G (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hist Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
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AU Thompson, C
AF Thompson, Charis
TI Back to nature? Resurrecting ecofeminism after poststructuralist and
   third-wave feminisms
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Rereading Carolyn Merchant's The Death of Nature a quarter century after its publication and from the perspective of its contribution to feminist theory is a rewarding process. Merchant's book has garnered a sustained readership as a foundational text of ecofeminism. Simultaneously, however, ecofeminism itself has been sidelined within feminist theory because of critiques that it is marred by ethnocentrism and by an essentialist identification of women with nature. Rereading Merchant leads to three conclusions. First, Merchant explicitly repudiates ethnocentrism and essentialism, developing instead an archival methodology that grounds the universalizing claims of modem science in time and place, text and ideology. Second, the central claim of ecofeminism-that the domination of women and of nature have shared roots in the logic of science and capitalism-remains a powerful thesis. Third, ecofeminism brought together antimilitarist feminists and others whose voices are underrepresented in contemporary academic feminism. Combining the critiques of recent third-wave feminisms with a reevaluation of ecofeminism would greatly strengthen the field.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Rhetor & Gender & Womens Studies, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
RP Thompson, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Rhetor & Gender & Womens Studies, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
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PT J
AU Merchant, C
AF Merchant, Carolyn
TI The scientific revolution and The Death of Nature
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT Conference on the Scientific Revolution - Between Renaissance and
   Enlightenment
CY FEB, 2005
CL Gainesville, FL
HO Univ Florida
ID BACON; TORTURE
AB The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution, published in 1980, presented a view of the Scientific Revolution that challenged the hegemony of mechanistic science as a marker of progress. It argued that seventeenth-century science could be implicated in the ecological crisis, the domination of nature, and the devaluation of women in the production of scientific knowledge. This essay offers a twenty-five-year retrospective of the book's contributions to ecofeminism, environmental history, and reassessments of the Scientific Revolution. It also responds to challenges to the argument that Francis Bacon's rhetoric legitimated the control of nature. Although Bacon did not use terms such as "the torture of nature," his followers, with some justification, interpreted his rhetoric in that light.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
RP Merchant, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
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AU Bromberg, JL
AF Bromberg, Joan Lisa
TI Device physics vis-a-vis fundamental physics in cold war America - The
   case of quantum optics
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID BEAT LASER; EXPERIMENTAL TESTS; BELLS THEOREM; MECHANICS;
   COMPLEMENTARITY; RADIATION; SECURITY; STATES; MASER; LIGHT
AB Historians have convincingly shown the close ties U.S. physicists had with the military during the Cold War and have raised the question of whether this alliance affected the content of physics. Some have asserted that it distorted physics, shifting attention from fundamental problems to devices. Yet the papers of physicists in quantum electronics and quantum optics, fields that have been exemplary for those who hold the distortion thesis., show that the same scientists who worked on military devices simultaneously pursued fundamental and foundational topics. This essay examines one such physicist. Marian O. Scully, with attention to both his extensive foundational studies and the way in which his applied and basic researches played off each other.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Hist Sci & Technol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
RP Bromberg, JL (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Hist Sci & Technol, 3505 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
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ER

PT J
AU Terrall, M
AF Terrall, Mary
TI Biography as cultural history of science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Taking off from reflections about the relation of biographical writing to fiction, this essay considers the ways in which scientific biography can explore the cultural dynamics of science. The author examines her own experience in using biography to write history of science and refers to several other examples of biographies of eighteenth-century figures that raise issues specific to the persona of the man of science and his audiences in this period.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Hist, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
RP Terrall, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Hist, 6265 Bunche Hall,Box 951473, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
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   TERRALL M, 1999, SCI ENLIGHTENED EURO, P246
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   Terrall M., 2002, MAN WHO FLATTENED EA
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   Westfall RS, 1980, NEVER REST BIOGRAPHY
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ER

PT J
AU Porter, TM
AF Porter, Theodore M.
TI Is the life of the scientist a scientific unit?
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The biographical study of scientists, though familiar, has mostly seemed anodyne rather than profound as a tool of history of science. But it bears closely on the public role of the scientist, associated nowadays with the detachment of objectivity and with a sense of the scientific life as a fracturing of "the science" from other aspects of a career. Although this division is indeed characteristic of the modem scientific identity, historians should not take it as natural or inevitable. The life of the statistician Karl Pearson, who endeavored to live out a Bildungsroman, demonstrates the survival into the twentieth century of alternative ideals and, with them, of ambitions for science going far beyond the professionalization of a technical field. Pearson's career offers a model for historicizing the relationship of science to public reason.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Hist, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
RP Porter, TM (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Hist, 6265 Bunche Hall,Box 951473, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
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ER

PT J
AU Nye, MJ
AF Nye, Mary Jo
TI Scientific biography: History of science by another means?
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Biography is one of the most popular categories of books-and indeed the most popular category among nonfiction books, according to one British poll. Thus, biography offers historians of science an opportunity to reach a potentially broad audience. This essay examines approaches typical of different genres of scientific biography, including historians' motivations in their choices of biographical subject and their decisions about strategies for reconstruction of the biographical life. While historians of science often use biography as a vehicle to analyze scientific processes and scientific culture, the most compelling scientific biographies are ones that portray the ambitions, passions, disappointments, and moral choices that characterize a scientist's life.
C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Hist, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
RP Nye, MJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Hist, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
EM nyem@onid.orst.edu
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ER

PT J
AU Turchetti, S
AF Turchetti, S
TI "For slow neutrons, slow pay" - Enrico Fermi's patent and the US atomic
   energy program, 1938-1953
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SCIENCE
AB This essay focuses on the history of one of the "atomic patents." The patent, which described a process to slow down neutrons in nuclear reactions, was the result of experimental research conducted in the 1930s by Enrico Fermi and his group at the Institute of Physics, University of Rome. The value of the patented process became clear during World War II, as it was involved in most of the military and industrial applications of atomic energy. This ignited a controversy between Fermi and U.S. government representatives over royalties to be paid for use of the process during and after the war. The controversy sheds new light on the role that the management of patents played in the context of the Manhattan Project and in the postwar U.S. nuclear program, encompassing issues of power and economic influence in the relationship between scientists, the military, and public administrators.
   The invention covered by Patent No. 2,206,634 covers the basic process used in the research and development leading up the production of atomic energy and the production of the atomic bomb. Such invention is of continuing importance in the production of fissionable materials and atomic weapons.
   The Chairman: So Jones might make the greatest invention in the field and be deprived of any award for it?
   Captain Lavender: If he did not want to accept the award that was offered to him.
C1 Univ Manchester, Ctr Hist Sci Technol & Med, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
RP Turchetti, S (reprint author), Univ Manchester, Ctr Hist Sci Technol & Med, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
RI Turchetti, Simone/A-1259-2009
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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ER

PT J
AU Wise, MN
AF Wise, MN
TI Making visible
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB An overview of some of the main modes of making images of natural objects and processes, as they have appeared in the history of science, leads to two main conclusions. First, the dichotomies that have traditionally distinguished, for example, art from science, museums from laboratories, and geometrical from algebraic methods have produced a poverty of understanding of visualization. It is at the intersections of these dichotomies where much of the creative work of science occurs, and it is into those intersections that this Focus section leads us. Second, the section suggests that we need to understand images as arguments. Generalizing, we need to develop a "materialized epistemology" that reunites sensual with ideational knowing. Recent work in the history of science is already pointing the way and producing a dramatically new historiography.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Hist, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
RP Wise, MN (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Hist, 6265 Bunche Hall,Box 951473, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
CR Altick Richard D, 1978, SHOWS LONDON
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ER

PT J
AU Smith, PH
AF Smith, PH
TI Art, science, and visual culture in early modern Europe
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID RENAISSANCE; LIFE
AB This essay attempts a restatement of the relationship between art and science in terms of "making" and "knowing." It first surveys the various ways art and science were related in the early modem period, arguing that one result of the new naturalistic representation was the emergence of a new visual culture that reinforced appeals to eyewitness and firsthand experience and in some cases fostered a new examination of European culture. At the same time, art, understood as the work of the human hand in imitating nature, came to be viewed as one of the central characteristics that distinguished European society from the past. Moreover, artist/artisans helped constitute the aims and methods of the study of nature during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, articulating a new kind of authority for nature and providing the artworks that engendered a culture of nature study and collection. Thus art and artisans were fundamental (but not exclusive) motors of the Scientific Revolution. More attention to the visual culture of early modem Europe, including religious and devotional imagery, and seeking out intersections between making and knowing, as some art historians studying techniques have begun to do, will add to our understanding of the relationship between art and science in the early modem period.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Hist, New York, NY 10027 USA.
RP Smith, PH (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Dept Hist, 605 Fayerwesther Hall,MC 2516,1180 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10027 USA.
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ER

PT J
AU Morus, IR
AF Morus, IR
TI Seeing and believing science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID CULTURE
AB The visual culture of the sciences has become a focus for increasing attention in recent literature. This is partly a result of the concern with examining the material culture of the sciences that has developed over the last few decades. Increasing attention has also been devoted to understanding science as spectacle and to trying to understand the spaces where scientific performances, variously understood, take place. This essay surveys some aspects of the visual culture of the sciences in the long nineteenth century. I examine the way visual scientific performances-such as magic lantern shows, optical illusions, and public experiments-were put together. I suggest in particular that if we want to understand the ways in which nineteenth-century sciences appealed to their audiences we need to pay close attention to these kinds of performances, their performers, and the material and social resources that were deployed in their staging.
C1 Univ Wales, Dept Hist & Welsh Hist, Aberystwyth SY24 3DY, Dyfed, Wales.
RP Morus, IR (reprint author), Univ Wales, Dept Hist & Welsh Hist, Hugh Owen Bldg, Aberystwyth SY24 3DY, Dyfed, Wales.
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ER

PT J
AU Tucker, J
AF Tucker, J
TI The historian, the picture, and the archive
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID CULTURE
AB One of the persistent features of historical writing about the sciences in the last twenty years has been the concern of a number of historians who insist on the need for a new awareness of the role of visual images and image making. The author believes that, rather than reducing the analysis of visual culture to a single set of principles, the point of the academic study of scientific images is the recognition of their heterogeneity, the different circumstances of their production, and the variety of cultural and social functions they serve. This essay challenges historians to discover new ways of framing the historical meanings of scientific images within the larger contexts of signifying symbols, images, and mediations that make up culture. The study of nineteenth-century practices of building collections of scientific photographs provides the background for a discussion of the significance of picture archives in the history of science, of the historical mechanisms that frame some pictures as "scientific" and others as "unscientific," and of the need for further research on how scientific images generate meaning.
C1 Wesleyan Univ, Dept Hist, Middletown, CT 06459 USA.
RP Tucker, J (reprint author), Wesleyan Univ, Dept Hist, PAC 113,238 Church St, Middletown, CT 06459 USA.
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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ER

PT J
AU Landecker, H
AF Landecker, H
TI Microcinematography and the history of science and film
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The history of microcinematography is explored here as an example of the possible historiographical directions for work on science and film in the twentieth century. Topics discussed include investigations of the role of time in experiment, and the constant interplay between static and dynamic modes of imaging in scientific research; the role of films as depictions of both the objects of science and the process of scientific looking itself; and the possibility for telling a social history of science through investigation of the production and reception of cinema.
   It never would have occurred to the pioneers of cinema to dissociate research on film from research by means of film.
   -Jean Painleve, "Scientific Film".
C1 Rice Univ, Dept Anthropol, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
RP Landecker, H (reprint author), Rice Univ, Dept Anthropol, MS-20,POB 1892, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
EM hll@rice.edu
CR Benjamin Walter, 2003, SELECTED WRITINGS, P251
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PT J
AU McKaughan, DJ
AF McKaughan, DJ
TI The influence of Niels Bohr on Max Delbruck - Revisiting the hopes
   inspired by "light and life"
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID BIOLOGY; COMPLEMENTARITY
AB The impact of Niels Bohr's 1932 "Light and Life" lecture on Max Delbruck's lifelong search for a form of "complementarity" in biology is well documented and much discussed, but the precise nature of that influence remains subject to misunderstanding. The standard reading, which sees Delbruck's transition from physics into biology as inspired by the hope that investigation of biological phenomena might lead to a breakthrough discovery of new laws of physics, is colored much more by Erwin Schrodinger's What Is Life? (1944) than is often acknowledged. Bohr's view was that teleological and mechanistic descriptions are mutually exclusive yet jointly necessary for an exhaustive understanding of life. Although Delbruck's approach was empirical and less self-consciously philosophical, he shared Bohr's hope that scientific investigation would vindicate the view that at least some aspects of life are not reducible to physico-chemical terms.
C1 Univ Notre Dame, Program Hist & Philosophy Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
RP McKaughan, DJ (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Program Hist & Philosophy Sci, 346 O Shaughnessy, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
CR BELLER M, 1992, STUD HIST PHILOS SCI, V23, P147, DOI 10.1016/0039-3681(92)90029-6
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ER

PT J
AU Staley, R
AF Staley, R
TI On the co-creation of classical and modern physics
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT Interdisciplinary Seminar on the Fin-de-Siecle
CY DEC, 2003
CL Oxford, ENGLAND
HO Univ Oxford
ID RELATIVITY PRINCIPLE; RADIATION; PLANCK; EINSTEIN; QUANTUM
AB While the concept of "classical physics" has long framed our understanding of the environment from which modem physics emerged, it has consistently been read back into a period in which the physicists concerned initially considered their work in quite other terms. This essay explores the shifting currency of the rich cultural image of the classical/ modem divide by tracing empirically different uses of "classical" within the physics community from the 1890s to 1911. A study of fin-de-siecle addresses shows that the earliest general uses of the concept proved controversial. Our present understanding of the term was in large part shaped by its incorporation (in different ways) within the emerging theories of relativity and quantum theory-where the content of "classical" physics was defined by proponents of the new. Studying the diverse ways in which Boltzmann, Larmor, Poincare, Einstein, Minkowski, and Planck invoked the term "classical" will help clarify the critical relations between physicists' research programs and their use of worldview arguments in fashioning modem physics.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hist Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
RP Staley, R (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hist Sci, 7143 Social Sci Bldg,1180 Observ Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
CR ABRAHAM M, 1903, PHYS Z, V4, P57
   Albisetti J., 1983, SECONDARY SCH REFORM
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   BARKAN DK, 1993, SCI CONTEXT, V6, P59
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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ER

PT J
AU Forgan, S
AF Forgan, S
TI Building the museum - Knowledge, conflict, and the power of place
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID NATURAL-HISTORY
AB This essay argues that museums are complex sites, standing at the intersection of scientific work and display. Three complementary approaches to analyzing museum buildings are suggested. The first focuses on the physical aspects of the buildings, their visual vocabulary and the ability to encode knowledge in material forms, and argues that architecture provided an arena where conflicts between the different parties involved were worked out. The second concerns the now familiar argument about the located nature of scientific knowledge, the particularity of sites and their relation to civic cultures, urban activities, or metropolitan concerns, and suggests further directions for research. The third approach treats the museum visitor as an active participant and examines the impact of buildings in terms of their architectural appeal to the emotions through sensory experience. Finally, buildings have enormous transformative potential and, as a manifestation of the material culture of science, tell us much about the changing place of the science museum in culture.
C1 Univ Teesside, Sch Arts & Media, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, Cleveland, England.
RP Forgan, S (reprint author), Univ Teesside, Sch Arts & Media, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, Cleveland, England.
EM s.forgan@tees.ac.uk
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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ER

PT J
AU Kohlstedt, SG
AF Kohlstedt, SG
TI "Thoughts in things" modernity, history, and north American museums
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SCIENCE
AB Late nineteenth-century public museums in the United States were intentionally built to be modem, guided by administrators like George Brown Goode toward scientific goals that included preservation, research, and education. Self-consciously preoccupied with the management of museums, intent on attaining mastery over the objects that constituted their museums, and persuaded that meaning derived not just from the objects themselves but from their explanation and configuration by experts, museum masters led a "new museum" movement. A century later, the critiques of postmodern scholars attest to the museum directors' effective establishment of a modem profile. Historians of science, who once could take these institutions for granted as a lightly marked center of authority, now may use methods of social and cultural studies to open their institutional and intellectual frames. While cautious about theory-driven arguments, such scholars benefit from the issues raised by cultural critics even as they rely on their own documentary methods to ensure that science is an integral component when examining ideas, language, and practice in context.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Program Hist Sci & Technol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
RP Kohlstedt, SG (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Program Hist Sci & Technol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
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PT J
AU Bennett, J
AF Bennett, J
TI Museums and the history of science - Practitioner's postscript
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This response from the museum workplace to the previous three "Focus" essays has two main thrusts. First, it seeks to place the recent interest in museums from historians of science within the broader study of museums in general and points to the value of this broad context for locating scientific practice. Second, it reminds historians of science that museums are not only objects of study but also living resources for public communication, and it reflects on how the "Focus" essays relate to the role the history of science can play in museums with science collections.
C1 Museum Hist Sci, Oxford OX1 3AZ, England.
RP Bennett, J (reprint author), Museum Hist Sci, Broad St, Oxford OX1 3AZ, England.
CR Anderson R.G.W., 2003, ENLIGHTENING BRIT KN
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PT J
AU Dear, P
AF Dear, P
TI What is the history of science the history of? Early modern roots of the
   ideology of modern science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT Annual Meeting of the History-of-Science-Society
CY 2004
CL Austin, TX
SP Hist Sci Soc
ID PRESENT-CENTERED HISTORY; TECHNOLOGY; KNOWLEDGE
AB The mismatch between common representations of "science" and the miscellany of materials typically studied by the historian of science is traced to a systematic ambiguity that may itself be traced to early modem Europe. In that cultural setting, natural philosophy came to be rearticulated (most famously by Francis Bacon) as involving both contemplative and practical knowledge. The resulting tension and ambiguity are illustrated by the eighteenth-century views of Buffon. In the nineteenth century, a new enterprise called "science" represents the establishment of an unstable ideology of natural knowledge that was heavily indebted to those early modem developments. The two complementary and competing elements of the ideology of modem science are accordingly described as "natural philosophy" (a discourse of contemplative knowledge) and "instrumentality" (a discourse of practical or useful knowledge; know-how). The history of science in large part concerns the story of their shifting, often mutually denying, interrelations.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Hist, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
RP Dear, P (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Hist, McGraw Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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UT WOS:000232574800004
ER

PT J
AU Kohler, RE
AF Kohler, RE
TI Focus: The generalist vision in the history of science - A generalist's
   vision
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID BIG PICTURE
AB Many of the recent advances in the history of science have come from local microstudies, but with the unintended by-product of a typically "postmodern" fragmentation of knowledge. The question for us post-postmodemists is how to write a broader "general" history of science-a history for all of us specialists-without losing the advantages of case study. One way, this essay suggests, is to structure case studies around the activities or issues that are common to knowledge production generally: for example, issues of common practices, role and identity, credibility and trust, fairness in participation and reward, and translocal circulation. Such studies would be particular and local yet transcend the singularities of period, place, and discipline. They would facilitate productive contest over the general meaning of science in its diversely varied forms.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept HIst & Sociol Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
RP Kohler, RE (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept HIst & Sociol Sci, Logan Hall,249 S 36th St,Room 361, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
CR Barton R, 2003, HIST SCI, V41, P73
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ER

PT J
AU Findlen, P
AF Findlen, P
TI The two cultures of scholarship?
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This essay examines different approaches to writing the history of science in light of the increased importance of microhistorical studies in the past two decades. It specifically examines the role of microhistory within the history of science and the importance of Thomas Kuhn's concept of the "normal exception" in early methodological statements about the function of microhistory. It also considers the possibilities for writing archivally based history of science for a general readership as a means of bridging the divide between specialized research within the subfields of the history of science and more general accounts of the nature and growth of science.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Hist, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
RP Findlen, P (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Hist, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
CR Alder K., 2002, MEASURE ALL THINGS 7
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
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UT WOS:000230854600004
ER

PT J
AU Shapin, S
AF Shapin, S
TI Hyperprofessionalism and the crisis of readership in the history of
   science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB There is a crisis of readership for work in our field, as in many other academic disciplines. One of its causes is a pathological form of the professionalism that we so greatly value. "Hyperprofessionalism" is a disease whose symptoms include self-referentiality, self-absorption, and a narrowing of intellectual focus. This essay describes some features and consequences of hyperprofessionalism in the history of science and offers a modest suggestion for a possible cure.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hist Sci, Sci Ctr 371, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Shapin, S (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hist Sci, Sci Ctr 371, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
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UT WOS:000230854600005
ER

PT J
AU Kaiser, D
AF Kaiser, D
TI Training and the generalist's vision in the history of science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Commentators have often complained about specialization in the history of science. This essay discusses recent intellectual trends within our discipline in the light of significant changes in graduate training: both a relatively recent consensus as to the types of sources that are appropriate to analyze in a dissertation and the tremendous growth in the number of new dissertations completed each year in our field. It suggests that this kind of focus on pedagogical concerns provides useful analytic tools for historians investigating other fields in various times and places.
C1 MIT, Program Sci Technol & Soc, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
RP Kaiser, D (reprint author), MIT, Program Sci Technol & Soc, 77 Massachusetts Ave,Bldg E51-185, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
CR Alder Ken, 1997, ENG REVOLUTION ARMS
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PT J
AU Warwick, A
AF Warwick, A
TI X-rays as evidence in German orthopedic surgery, 1895-1900
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Historians have found it difficult to give a general account of the early medical use of Xrays in medicine. While the rays were hailed by some as a miracle technology, their early medical application was patchy, often remaining subsidiary to traditional methods of diagnosis and treatment, and was of disputed value. In this essay, I argue that the selective appropriation of the new technology needs to be understood within the wider medical practice of the period. The argument is developed around the case of orthopedic surgery in Germany, probably the first example in which doctors quickly made X-rays indispensable as a medical tool. I show that value of X-rays in this case was contingent upon an ongoing dispute, the theory and practice of surgical intervention, and the sociology of new surgical knowledge.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Ctr Hist Sci Technol & Med, London SW7 2AZ, England.
RP Warwick, A (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Ctr Hist Sci Technol & Med, London SW7 2AZ, England.
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PT J
AU Canizares-Esguerra, J
AF Canizares-Esguerra, J
TI Iberian colonial science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The Portuguese and Spanish empires were both global and long lasting. This essay focuses on colonial Spanish America, particularly on the practices of natural history. It also suggests that chivalric-epic ideologies permeated early modem epistemologies, including those of the French and the British. The essay criticizes the application of nineteenth-century models of empire to the understanding of the early modem composite monarchies in the New World. Finally, it explores the ways metropolitan natural philosophy was transformed in the New World kingdoms to bolster patriotic identities.
C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Hist, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.
RP Canizares-Esguerra, J (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Hist, 565 Pk Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.
CR Alvarez Pelaez Raquel, 1993, CONQUISTA NATURALEZA
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   Canizares-Esguerra Jorge, 2004, Perspectives on Science, V12, P86, DOI 10.1162/106361404773843355
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PT J
AU Harris, SJ
AF Harris, SJ
TI Jesuit scientific activity in the overseas missions, 1540-1773
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Within the context of national traditions in colonial science, the scientific activities of Jesuit missionaries present us with a unique combination of challenges. The multinational membership of the Society of Jesus gave its missionaries access to virtually every Portuguese, Spanish, and French colony. The Society was thus compelled to engage an astonishingly diverse array of cultural and natural environments, and that diversity of contexts is reflected in the range and the complexity of Jesuit scientific practices. Underlying that complexity, however, was what I see as a unique combination of institutional structures; namely, European colleges, overseas mission stations, and the regular circulation of personnel and information. With this institutional framework as a backdrop, I briefly trace what I see as the most salient themes emerging from recent studies of Jesuit overseas science: 1) the Societys ability to use scientific expertise to its advantage amid the complex web of dependencies upon which it missionary activities rested; 2) the ability of its missionaries to become intimate with a wide range of cultures and to appropriate natural knowledge held by indigenous peoples, especially in the fields of material medica and geography; and 3) the different ways Jesuits used published accounts of "remote nature" (i.e., natural histories of overseas colonies) to advance their corporate and religious causes.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Sci Ctr 235, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Harris, SJ (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Sci Ctr 235, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
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   2004, PLANTS EMPIRE COLONI, P51
NR 34
TC 5
Z9 6
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 2005
VL 96
IS 1
BP 71
EP 79
DI 10.1086/430680
PG 9
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 941NJ
UT WOS:000230221200006
ER

PT J
AU Osborne, MA
AF Osborne, MA
TI Science and the French Empire
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID COLONIAL IDENTITY
AB Scholarly interest in French colonial science, interpreted to include colonial medical and scientific institutions as well as personages and other "actors" in France serving colonial agendas, has been robust for some two decades. This essay characterizes the complex and interlinked historical relationships between French metropolitan and colonial science as one of asymmetric coevolution. In analyzing scholarship on diverse topics from physics and military technology to colonial botany, medicine, geography, and racial theory, it interrogates the concepts of French nation and French empire and questions the historio-graphical and explanatory utility of the core-periphery model. Special scrutiny falls on a trope common to historigraphical studies of the postrevolutionary era, that of a firm French nationalism enabling largely rational colonial agendas and the promotion of these agendas by highly centralized Parisian bureaucracies. The essay calls for a reading of French history inclusive of regional colonialist activities and argues for the prevalence of municipal and regional maritime, technological, scientific, and military interests in constructing the modem French empire.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Program Hist Sci Technol & Med, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
RP Osborne, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Program Hist Sci Technol & Med, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
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NR 62
TC 4
Z9 4
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 2005
VL 96
IS 1
BP 80
EP 87
DI 10.1086/430681
PG 8
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 941NJ
UT WOS:000230221200007
ER

PT J
AU Ratcliff, MJ
AF Ratcliff, MJ
TI Abraham Trembley's strategy of generosity and the scope of celebrity in
   the mid-eighteenth century
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Historians of science have long believed that Abraham Trembley's celebrity and impact were attributable chiefly to the incredible regenerative phenomena demonstrated by the polyp, which he discovered in 1744, and to the new experimental method he devised to investigate them. This essay shows that experimental method alone cannot account for Trembley's success and influence; nor are the marvels of the polyp sufficient to explain its scientific and cultural impact. Experimental method was but one element in a new conception of the laboratory that called for both experimental and para-experimental skills whose public availability depended on a new style of communication. The strategy of generosity that led Trembley to dispatch polyps everywhere enabled experimental naturalist laboratories to spread throughout Europe, and the free circulation of living objects for scientific research led practitioners to establish an experimental field distinct from mechanical physics. Scholars reacted to the marvels of the polyp by strengthening the boundaries between the public and academic spheres and, in consequence, opened a space for new standards in both scientific work and the production of celebrity.
C1 Univ Geneva, Fac Med, Inst Hist Med & Sante, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
RP Ratcliff, MJ (reprint author), Univ Geneva, Fac Med, Inst Hist Med & Sante, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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NR 97
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD DEC
PY 2004
VL 95
IS 4
BP 555
EP 575
DI 10.1086/430649
PG 21
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 932IP
UT WOS:000229547700001
ER

PT J
AU Lykknes, A
   Kvittingen, L
   Borresen, AK
AF Lykknes, A
   Kvittingen, L
   Borresen, AK
TI Appreciated abroad, depreciated at home - The career of a radiochemist
   in Norway: Ellen Gleditsch (1879-1968)
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT Conference on Women Scholars and Institutions
CY JUN 08-11, 2003
CL Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC
SP Commiss Women Sci, Int Union Hist & Philosophy Sci, Div Hist Sci, Res Ctr Hist Sci & Humanities
ID ATOMIC-WEIGHT; MINERALS; ACTINIUM; RADIUM; ORIGIN; LIFE
AB Ellen Gleditsch (1879-1968) became Norway's first authority on radioactivity and the country's second female full professor. From her many years abroad-in Marie Curie's laboratory in Paris and at Yale University in New Haven with Bertram Boltram-she became internationally acknowledged and developed an extensive personal and scientific network. In the Norwegian scientific community she was, however, less appreciated, and her appointment as a professor in 1929 caused controversy. Despite the recommendation of the expert committee, her predecessor and his allies spread the view that Gleditsch was a diligent but outdated researcher with little scientific promise-a view that apparently persists in the Norwegian chemical community today. In addition to her scientific work, Gleditsch acquired political influence by joining the International Federation of University Women in 1920; she later became the president of both the Norwegian section and the worldwide organization. She worked in particular to establish scholarships enabling women to go abroad.
C1 Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Chem, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
   Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Hist & Class Studies, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
RP Lykknes, A (reprint author), Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Chem, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
EM Annette.Lykknes@chem.ntnu.no; lise.kvittingen@nt.ntnu.no;
   anne.k.borresen@hf.ntnu.no
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NR 85
TC 3
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD DEC
PY 2004
VL 95
IS 4
BP 576
EP 609
DI 10.1086/430650
PG 34
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 932IP
UT WOS:000229547700002
ER

PT J
AU Darrigol, O
AF Darrigol, O
TI The mystery of the Einstein-Poincare connection
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID CAMBRIDGE MATHEMATICS; RELATIVITY 1905-1911; CAVENDISH PHYSICS;
   CUNNINGHAM; CAMPBELL
AB This essay discusses attempts that have been made to explain the striking similarities between two theories propounded in 1905 by Albert Einstein and Henri Poincare without any mutual reference.
C1 CNRS, Rehseis, F-75013 Paris, France.
RP Darrigol, O (reprint author), CNRS, Rehseis, 83 Rue Broca, F-75013 Paris, France.
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   DARRIGOL O, 1995, STUD HIST PHILOS M P, V26, P1, DOI 10.1016/1355-2198(95)00003-C
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ER

PT J
AU Jerome, F
AF Jerome, F
TI Einstein, race, and the myth of the cultural icon
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The most remarkable aspect of Einstein's 1946 address at Lincoln University is that it has vanished from Einstein's recorded history. Its disappearance into a historical black hole symbolizes what seems to happen in the creation of a cultural icon. It is but one of many political statements by Einstein to have met such a fate, though his civil rights activism is most glaringly missing. One explanation for this historical amnesia is that those who shape our official memories felt that Einstein's "controversial" friends like Paul Robeson and activities like co-chairing the anti-lynching crusade might tarnish Einstein as an icon. That icon, sanctified by Time magazine when it dubbed Einstein "Person of the Century" at the end of 1999, is a myth, albeit a marvelous one. Yet it is not so much the motive for the omission but the consequence of it that should concern us. Americans and the millions of Einstein fans around the world are left unaware that he was an outspoken, passionate, committed antiracist.
RP Jerome, F (reprint author), 230 W 79th St,Apartment 84N, New York, NY 10024 USA.
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ER

PT J
AU Renn, J
AF Renn, J
TI The relativity revolution from the perspective of historical
   epistemology
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID EINSTEIN
AB This essay analyzes Einstein's relativity revolution as part of a long-term development of knowledge in which the knowledge system of classical physics was reorganized in a process of reflection, described here as a "Copernican process." This process led in 1905 to the introduction of fundamentally new concepts of space, time, matter, and radiation. On the basis of an extensive historical reconstruction, the heuristics of Einstein's creation of the general theory of relativity, completing the relativity revolution, is interpreted as a further transformation of the knowledge of classical physics, starting from conceiving gravitation as a borderline problem between field theory and mechanics. The essay thus provides an answer to the puzzle of how Einstein was able to create a theory capable of accounting for a wide range of phenomena that were discovered only much later.
C1 Max Planck Inst Hist Sci, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
RP Renn, J (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Hist Sci, Wilhelmstr 44, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
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ER

PT J
AU Secord, JA
AF Secord, JA
TI Knowledge in transit
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT 5th Joint Meeting of the
   British-Society-for-the-History-of-Science/Canadian-Society-for-the-Hist
   ory-and-Philosophy-of-Science/History-of-Science-Society
CY AUG 05-07, 2004
CL Halifax, CANADA
SP British Soc Hist Sci, Canadian Soc Hist & Philosophy Sci, Hist Sci Soc
ID HISTORY; SCIENCE
AB What big questions and large-scale narratives give coherence to the history of science? From the late 1970s onward, the field has been transformed through a stress on practice and fresh perspectives from gender studies, the sociology of knowledge, and work on a greatly expanded range of practitioners and cultures. Yet these developments, although long overdue and clearly beneficial, have been accompanied by fragmentation and loss of direction. This essay suggests that the narrative frameworks used by historians of science need to come to terms with diversity by understanding science as a form of communication. The centrality of processes of movement, translation, and transmission is already emerging in studies of topics ranging from ethnographic encounters to the history of reading. Not only does this approach offer opportunities for crossing boundaries of nation, period, and discipline that are all too easily taken for granted; it also has the potential for creating a more effective dialogue with other historians and the wider public.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Cambridge CB2 3RH, England.
RP Secord, JA (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Free Sch Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RH, England.
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PT J
AU Blair, A
AF Blair, A
TI An early modernist's perspective
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Historians of science can gain new insights into the material practices and intellectual trajectories of natural philosophers by attending to evidence of what they read and how. From the time of the early modern period we have sources not often extant for earlier periods, including manuscript reading notes, kept in separate notebooks or in the margins of books, and advice books on how to read. From this variety of sources we can piece together evidence (though generally not a complete picture) about the reading habits peculiar to individuals as well as those widely shared in a given cultural context, including ways of relying on the reading of others; by attending to traces of reading we can also learn more about the reception of particular scientific works. The history of reading broadens the range of questions the historian of science can pose to analyze a scientific work in its historical context.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Hist, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Blair, A (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Hist, Robinson Hall,35 Quincy St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
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PT J
AU Topham, JR
AF Topham, JR
TI A view from the industrial age
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SCIENCE; HISTORY
AB Like the constructivist approach to the history of science, the new history of reading has shifted attention from disembodied ideas to the underlying material culture and the localized practices by which it is apprehended. By focusing on the complex embodied processes by which readers make sense of printed objects, historians of reading have provided new insights into the manner in which meaning is both made and contested. In this brief account I argue that these insights are particularly relevant to historians of science, first, because practices of reading, like those of experiment and fieldwork, are constitutive of scientific knowledge, and, second, because attention to the history of reading provides important evidence of the multifaceted and uneven contest for meaning that occurs when science is mobilized in popular culture. The essay concludes by considering some of the surprisingly abundant sources of available evidence from which a history of scientific reading might be constructed for the modem era.
C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Philosophy, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
RP Topham, JR (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Sch Philosophy, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
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ER

PT J
AU Daston, L
AF Daston, L
TI Taking note(s)
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Because reading was and remains a central aspect of doing science, reading practices may provide insights into cognitive practices-such as observation, economies of attention, arts of memory, and the solidification and erosion of belief-in the context of science. Reading has since ancient times been the model for all forms of understanding and possibly also the template upon which other ways of making the world intelligible were formed. Reading practices may also provide keys to the formation of the specifically scientific self, as they have more generally for that of the learned habitus. Finally, collectivities of readers served as the prototype of all such virtual communities of savants, including the scientific community.
C1 Max Planck Inst Hist Sci, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
RP Daston, L (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Hist Sci, Wilhelmstr 44, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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ER

PT J
AU Cittadino, E
AF Cittadino, E
TI Borderline science - Expert testimony and the red river boundary dispute
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID ECOLOGY
AB The 1918 discovery of oil in the bed of the Red River, which forms the border between Texas and Oklahoma, led to a U.S. Supreme Court case that involved the extensive use of expert witnesses in fields such as geology, geography, and ecology. What began as a dispute between the two states soon became a multisided controversy involving those states, the federal government, Native Americans, and individual placer-mining claimants. After the federal attorneys introduced scientific experts into the dispute, including the plant ecologist Henry Chandler Cowles and the geographer Isaiah Bowman, fresh from negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference, Texas attorneys fielded their own team of opposing experts. Charged with the task of determining the location of the border, defined as the south bank of the river at the time of the 1819 treaty with Spain, the scientific experts presented the court with volumes of evidence and elaborate arguments, much of it contradictory and involving creative interpretations of existing theories. The case exhibited all the now-familiar features of a trial using expert witnesses, for which it represents an early, overlooked, and particularly complex example.
C1 NYU, Gallatin Sch Individualized Study, New York, NY 10003 USA.
RP Cittadino, E (reprint author), NYU, Gallatin Sch Individualized Study, 715 Broadway, New York, NY 10003 USA.
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PT J
AU Stothers, RB
AF Stothers, RB
TI Ancient scientific basis of the "great serpent" from historical evidence
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Zoological data and a growing mythology contributed to ancient Western knowledge about large serpents. Yet little modern attention has been paid to the sources, transmission, and receipt in the early Middle Ages of the ancients' information concerning "dragons" and "sea serpents." Real animals-primarily pythons and whales-lie behind the ancient stories. Other animals, conflations of different animals, simple misunderstandings, and willful exaggerations are found to account for the fanciful embellishments, but primitive myths played no significant role in this process during classical times. The expedition of Alexander the Great into India (327-325 B.C.) and the Bagradas River incident in North Africa (256 B.C.) had enormous repercussions on the development of serpent lore. Credible evidence is found for the presence of ancient populations of pythons living along the North African coast west of Egypt and along the coast of the Arabian Sea between the Indus River and the Strait of Hormuz-places where they no longer exist today. The maximum sizes of ancient pythons may have been greater than those of today's specimens.
C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA.
RP Stothers, RB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA.
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PT J
AU Tuchman, AM
AF Tuchman, AM
TI Marie E. Zakrzewska and the place of science in women's medical
   education
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Marie E. Zakrzewska (1829-1902) is known among historians of women and medicine for her advocacy of the natural sciences at a time when most women physicians preferred to emphasize their nurturing qualities. This article suggests that Zakrzewska's views have been poorly understood because scholars have tried to position them along a fault line that divides femininity and sympathy from masculinity and science. It suggests instead that feminist scholarship on the "situatedness of gender" offers a more promising conceptual framework for understanding the diverse strategies women (and men) have utilized in trying to achieve their goals. Zakrzewska, unlike many of her colleagues, did not seek to empower feminine virtues as a way of justifying women's entry into the medical profession. Instead, she tried to reappropriate science for women and to use it as a weapon against the barriers designed to keep women out of the public sphere. She was fighting her own battle against the gendering of science.
C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Hist, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
RP Tuchman, AM (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Hist, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
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PT J
AU Guerrini, A
AF Guerrini, A
TI Duverney's skeletons
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID ENGLAND; DEATH; AUTHORSHIP; CABINET; HISTORY; LIFE; BODY
AB In 1730, shortly before his death, the Paris anatomist Joseph-Guichard Duverney wrote his will, leaving his anatomical specimens to the Academie des Sciences, of which he was a member. But the will was disputed by Pierre Chirac, supervisor of the Jardin du Roi where Duverney, as professor of anatomy, had performed most of the dissections that produced the specimens. The ensuing debate between Chirac and Rene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur, arguing for the Academie, reveals the tensions surrounding both the concept of intellectual property in this period and the collective enterprise in natural philosophy. The differing roles and audiences of the Academie and the Jardin were central to this debate. In addition, this essay explores the origins and significance of the anatomical specimens themselves and their changing role in instruction and display, as well as the transition from the cabinet of curiosities to the natural history museum.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Environm Studies Program, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Hist, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
RP Guerrini, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Environm Studies Program, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
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NR 111
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PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
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JI Isis
PD DEC
PY 2003
VL 94
IS 4
BP 577
EP 603
DI 10.1086/386383
PG 27
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 802IO
UT WOS:000220157400002
ER

PT J
AU Kirsh, N
AF Kirsh, N
TI Population genetics in Israel in the 1950s - The unconscious
   internalization of ideology
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY; BLOOD-GROUPS; JEWS;
   FINGER; RACE
AB This essay describes the effects of Zionist ideology on research into human population genetics carried out in Israel during the 1950s and early 1960s. I argue that the internalization of the dominant Zionist narrative is reflected in the articles that were written by Israeli geneticists and physicians during these years. My claim is based on a comparison of articles about human population genetics written and published by Israeli scientists between 1951 and 1963 with similar articles written by non-Israelis. The comparison reveals that during this period the Israeli human geneticists and physicians emphasized the sociological and historical aspects of their research and used their work, among other things, as a vehicle for establishing a national identity and confirming the Zionist narrative.
C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Cohn Inst Hist & Philosophy Sci & Ideas, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
RP Kirsh, N (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, Cohn Inst Hist & Philosophy Sci & Ideas, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
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   2000, HAARETZ         0509
NR 59
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
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PG 25
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 802IO
UT WOS:000220157400004
ER

PT J
AU Levitt, T
AF Levitt, T
TI Biot's paper and Arago's plates - Photographic practice and the
   transparency of representation
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Francois Arago and Jean-Baptiste Biot, two of the physicists most involved in early photography, mobilized this new technology for their ongoing debates about the proper boundaries of the public in France. Each threw his weight behind one of the competing photographic processes, Arago supporting daguerrian silver plates and Biot favoring paper soaked in silver solution. For both men, disagreement at the level of materials and techniques was further bound up with disagreement about what kind of visual evidence the photograph was and who was capable of understanding it. Biot argued for a severely restricted community of photographic practitioners. His papers, he claimed, revealed an invisible world of chemical radiation accessible only to those who understood the chemistry involved. Arago's reliance on resemblance, on the other hand, permitted him to present daguerreotype plates as a form of representation available to all, even incorporating them into his campaign for universal male suffrage.
C1 Univ Mississippi, Dept Hist, University, MS 38677 USA.
RP Levitt, T (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Dept Hist, University, MS 38677 USA.
CR APPEL T, 1987, CUVIER GEOFFROY DEBA, P159
   ARAGO F, 1935, COMMUNICATION   0321
   ARAGO F, 1839, DAGUERREOTYPE RAPPOR, P24
   ARAGO F, 1839, CR HEBD ACAD SCI, V9, P250
   ARAGO F, 1854, OEUVRES COMPLETES F, V12, P612
   ARAGO F, 1954, ASTRONOMIE POPULAIRE, V2, P169
   Barger Susan, 1991, DAGUERREOTYPE 19 CEN
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   BIOT, 1858, MELANGES SCI LIT, V2, P257
   BIOT, 1840, COMMUNICATION   0211
   BIOT, 1840, COMMUNICATION   0307
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   BIOT JB, 1839, J SAVANTS        APR, P173
   BIOT JB, 1839, COMMUNICATION   0224, P1937
   BIOT JB, 1816, TRAITE PHYSIQUE EXPT
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   BIOT JB, 1839, CR HEBD ACAD SCI, V8, P598
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   1839, J DEBATS        080M
   1840, NATIONAL        0405
   1843, J DEBATS        0422
   1940, NATIONAL        0115, P1
   1840, NATIONAL        0517, P1
   1839, COMPT REND ACAD SCI, V8, P303
   1839, NATIONALE       0820, P1
   1839, COMPT REND ACAD SCI, V8, P207
   1839, COMPT REND ACAD SCI, V8, P223
NR 62
TC 5
Z9 5
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD SEP
PY 2003
VL 94
IS 3
BP 456
EP 476
DI 10.1086/380654
PG 21
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 726TG
UT WOS:000185615500002
ER

PT J
AU Chimisso, C
   Freudenthal, G
AF Chimisso, C
   Freudenthal, G
TI A mind of her own - Helene Metzger to Emile Meyerson, 1933
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB In May 1933 the historian of chemistry Helene Metzger addressed a letter to the renowned historian and philosopher of science Emile Meyerson, a cri de coeur against Meyerson's patronizing attitude toward her. This recently discovered letter is published and translated here because it is an exceptional human document reflecting the gender power structure of our discipline in interwar France. At the age of forty-three, and with five books to her credit, Metzger was still a junior scholar in the exclusively male community of French historians and philosophers of science. We sketch the institutional setting of higher learning in France at the time, noting the limited openings it offered to would-be femmes savantes, and situate Metzger in this context. We also describe the philosophical differences between Metzger and Meyerson. Though Metzger never managed to obtain a post of her own, in her letter to Meyerson she forcefully lays claim, at least, to a mind of her own.
C1 Open Univ, Dept Philosophy, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
   Ctr Hist Sci & Philosophies Arabes & Medievales, CNRS, F-94801 Villejuif, France.
RP Chimisso, C (reprint author), Open Univ, Dept Philosophy, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
CR BRANDT F, 1939, CORRESPONDENCE H HOF
   BREHIER E, 1927, REV HIST PHILOS, V1, P1
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   Charle Christophe, 1984, ACTES RECHERCHE SCI, V55, P45, DOI 10.3406/arss.1984.2238
   CHARRIER E, 1931, EVOLUTION INTELLECTU, P407
   Chimisso C, 2000, HIST HUM SCI, V13, P47, DOI 10.1177/09526950022120764
   Chimisso C, 2001, STUD HIST PHILOS SCI, V32A, P203, DOI 10.1016/S0039-3681(01)00006-1
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   HYMAN P, IN PRESS JEWISH WOME
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   METZGER, 1935, PHILOS MATIERE LAVOI
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   METZGER, 1926, COMMUNICATION   0422
   METZGER, 1927, COMMUNICATION   0414
   METZGER, 1987, METHODE PHILOS HIST
   METZGER, 1925, COMMUNICATION   0810
   METZGER, 1922, COMMUNICATION   0620
   METZGER, 1937, COMMUNICATION   1101
   METZGER, 1922, COMMUNICATION   0518
   METZGER, 1974, NEWTON STAHL BOERHAA
   METZGER, 1930, CHIMIE
   METZGER, 1921, COMMUNICATION   0721
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   METZGER H, 1990, ETUDES STUDIES H MET, P247
   METZGER H, 1933, ARCHEION, V15, P483
   METZGER H, 1933, COMMUNICATION   0506
   METZGER H, 1922, COMMUNICATION   0620
   MEYERSON, 1931, CHEMINEMENT PENSEE
   MEYERSON, 1921, EXPLICATION SCI
   Meyerson Emile, 1908, IDENTITE ET REALITE
   Montesquieu, 1748, ESPRIT LOIS
   SCHLICK M, 1929, COMMUNICATION   0721
   1925, ISIS, V5, P517
   1932, ISIS, V17, P444
   1931, SURNATUEL NATURE MEN
   1932, ARCHEION, V14, P106
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NR 50
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PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
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PY 2003
VL 94
IS 3
BP 477
EP 491
DI 10.1086/380655
PG 15
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 726TG
UT WOS:000185615500003
ER

PT J
AU Jacob, MC
   Sturkenboom, D
AF Jacob, MC
   Sturkenboom, D
TI A women's scientific society in the west - The late eighteenth-century
   assimilation of science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID PHILOSOPHY; HISTORY; ENGLAND; PLACE
AB The Natuurkundig Genootschap der Dames (Women's Society for Natural Knowledge), formally established by and for women, met regularly from 1785 to 1881 and sporadically until 1887. It challenges our stereotypes both of women and the physical sciences during the eighteenth century and of the intellectual interests open to women in the early European republics. This essay aims not simply to identify the society and its members but to describe their pursuits and consider what their story adds to the history of Western science. What does this society's existence tell us about the relationship between women and early science in general and about science and society in the Dutch setting in particular? Science and gender look rather different when observed through the activities of the immensely prosperous women of Middelburg, citizens of one of the most highly literate Western countries. The elite lives of the first-generation members of the women's society also offer us a glimpse into the early domestication of science, a process vital to its acceptance and assimilation.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Hist, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Free Univ Amsterdam, Fac Arts & Letters, Dept Hist, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
RP Jacob, MC (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Hist, Bunche Hall,Box 951473, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
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PT J
AU Crowther-Heyck, K
AF Crowther-Heyck, K
TI Wonderful secrets of nature - Natural knowledge and religious piety in
   reformation Germany
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID EARLY-MODERN EUROPE
AB Sixteenth-century Germany witnessed a tremendous flourishing of vernacular literature. An unprecedented number and variety of texts were produced for new groups of readers. This essay analyzes one underexplored genre of this vernacular literature: texts on the natural world. Numerous books on animals, plants, minerals, and natural marvels rolled off the German presses in this period, indicating a widespread curiosity about the natural world. These texts give valuable insight into the views of nature available to a broad lay audience, literate in German but not necessarily in Latin. They reveal a pervasive sense of nature as divinely created and a deep conviction that contemplation of the natural world would lead to greater piety. The divine and the mundane were thoroughly intertwined in vernacular natural histories. While other historians of science have seen the sixteenth century as a period of increasingly secular ways of thinking about nature, I argue for the persistence, and even the intensification, of profoundly religious attitudes toward the natural world.
C1 Univ Oklahoma, Dept Hist Sci, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
RP Crowther-Heyck, K (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Dept Hist Sci, 601 Elm Ave,PHSC 622, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
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PT J
AU Laqueur, TW
AF Laqueur, TW
TI Sex in the flesh
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This response to Michael Stolberg argues that the occasional piece of evidence for sexual dimorphism in Renaissance anatomy does no damage to what I had earlier called the "one-sex model." There are three reasons for this: a considerable amount of such evidence had long been available; stray observations do not discredit worldviews; and new supporting evidence for the one-sex model was also available. Moreover, illustrations in the purportedly paradigm-altering texts in fact support the old model. Since there was no radical change during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the reasons offered by Stolberg for why it happened then are moot. The view that biology grounded two sexes (the two-sex model) replaced the view that it reflected imperfectly an underlying metaphysical truth (the one-sex model) as part of the epistemological revolution of the Enlightenment.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Hist, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
RP Laqueur, TW (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Hist, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
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PT J
AU Schiebinger, L
AF Schiebinger, L
TI Skelettestreit
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Michael Stolberg claims there was a broad movement in the sixteenth century toward sexing skeletons and offers Felix Platter's singular 1583 female skeleton and Caspar Bauhin's 1597 reproduction of that skeleton as evidence. He admits that these illustrations did not become a standard feature of anatomical textbooks, though he maintains (erroneously) that the descriptions of these skeletons became "canonical." Stolberg does not appreciate the extent to which Platter's female skeleton was an anomaly. Distinctively female-sexed skeletons flooded Europe after about 1730, and, importantly, anatomists at the time perceived that these depictions were radically new. Indeed, widespread and protracted debates erupted over the exact features of the female skeleton. These anatomical illustrations emerged within a novel political climate, where sex in the body was newly seen as grounding gender roles in new social regimes. The story of the European study of sexual differences is not one of slow and steady accretion of positive knowledge, as Stolberg implies. That story is fraught with changing reinterpretations and relocations of difference, and new meanings attached to new kinds of sameness and difference within differing cultural contexts. It is wrong to judge foundational shifts in scientific culture merely by firsts.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Hist, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
RP Schiebinger, L (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Hist, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
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PT J
AU de Chadarevian, S
AF de Chadarevian, S
TI Portrait of a discovery - Watson, Crick, and the double helix
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT Conference on Portraiture and Scientific Identity
CY JUN, 2000
CL LONDON, ENGLAND
SP Natl Portrait Gallery, Ludmilla Jordanova
ID DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC-ACID; HISTORY; SCIENCE
AB This essay examines an iconic image of twentieth-century science: Antony Barrington Brown's photograph of James Watson, Francis Crick, and the double-helical model of DNA. The detailed reconstruction of the production, reception, and uses of the photograph reveals the central role of the image in making the discovery it portrays. Taken in May 1953, two full months after the scientists built the model, to accompany a report on the structure in Time magazine, the photograph (like the report) was never published. It came into circulation only fifteen years later, as an illustration in Watson's best-selling book The Double Helix. While the image served as a historical document and advertisement for the book, only the book provided the description that made the image as well as the people and the model it represented famous. The history of the image provides insights into the retrospective construction of the discovery, which has since been celebrated as the origin of a new science of life.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Cambridge CB2 3RH, England.
RP de Chadarevian, S (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Free Sch Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RH, England.
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PT J
AU Parascandola, M
AF Parascandola, M
TI Uncertain science and a failure of trust - The NIH radioepidemiologic
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SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID ASSIGNED SHARES; PROBABILITY; EXPOSURES; STATEMENT; RISKS
AB In the late 1970s, the U.S. Congress was debating a number of different proposals to provide monetary compensation to residents of Utah and Nevada who had been exposed to radioactive fallout from government nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s. Yet scientists and government officials expressed concern that such a program would end up compensating many people for cancers that were not caused by the fallout. Thus, after much debate, Congress directed the National Institutes of Health to produce a set of statistical tables-the radioepidemiologic tables-to target compensation awards to "deserving" individuals. Advocates of the tables, notably Senator Orrin Hatch, argued that reliance on scientific data would provide compensation decisions with predictability and evenhandedness. Yet in the end, the effort to employ the tables failed. The substantial scientific uncertainties in the tables and in their application to individual claims failed to deliver the authority they promised. Additionally, the goal of fairness and objectivity could not be convincingly met because of persistent controversy and mistrust surrounding the govemment's role in the study of health effects of low-level radiation.
C1 NCI, Canc Prevent Fellowship Program, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
RP Parascandola, M (reprint author), NCI, Canc Prevent Fellowship Program, 6130 Execut Blvd,Suite 3109, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
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PT J
AU Schloegel, JJ
   Schmidgen, H
AF Schloegel, JJ
   Schmidgen, H
TI General physiology, experimental psychology, and evolutionism -
   Unicellular organisms as objects of psychophysiological research,
   1877-1918
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT Annual Meeting of the History-of-Science-Society
CY 1998
CL KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
SP Hist Sci Soc, Amer Philosoph Soc
ID HISTORY
AB This essay aims to shed new light on the relations between physiology and psychology in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by focusing on the use of unicellular organisms as research objects during that period. Within the frameworks of evolutionism and monism advocated by Ernst Haeckel, protozoa were perceived as objects situated at the borders between organism and cell and individual and society. Scholars such as Max Verworn, Alfred Binet, and Herbert Spencer Jennings were provoked by these organisms to undertake experimental investigations situated between general physiology and psychology that differed from the physiological psychology advocated by Wilhelm Wundt. Some of these investigations sought to locate psychological properties in the molecular structure of protoplasm; others stressed the existence of organic and psychological individuality in protozoa. In the following decades, leading philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Charles Sanders Peirce, and Henri Bergson, as well as psychological researchers like Sigmund Freud, integrated the results of these investigations into their reflections on such problems as the nature of the will, the structure of the ego, and the holistic nature of the reactions of organisms to their environment.
C1 Max Planck Inst Hist Sci, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
RP Schloegel, JJ (reprint author), 212 Middaugh Rd, Clarendon Hills, IL 60514 USA.
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PT J
AU Neal, K
AF Neal, K
TI Mathematics and empire, navigation and exploration - Henry Briggs and
   the northwest passage voyages of 1631
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB In the early modern period mathematics played a prominent role in promoting English expansion. Mathematicians invented navigational instruments, prepared astronomical tables, drew up maps, and authored promotional literature. Henry Briggs (1561-1630) helped make mathematical practice a useful tool for navigation. He also assisted both Luke Foxe and Thomas James, captains of 1631 voyages, in search of a Northwest passage. The 1631 voyages provide a framework for a study of Briggs's navigational and geographical work as well as his involvement with the Virginia Company and both colonization and exploration. Interestingly, despite the well-known tension between Foxe and James concerning the value of mathematical theory versus practical sailing skills, the similarity of the actual navigational techniques used on the two voyages is striking. Thus the 1631 voyages also demonstrate the extent to which, despite their different emphases, Foxe and James shared a navigational culture that included mathematical methods and instruments.
C1 Univ Sydney, Unit Hist & Philosophy Sci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
RP Neal, K (reprint author), Univ Sydney, Unit Hist & Philosophy Sci, Carslaw F107, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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PT J
AU Thurston, H
AF Thurston, H
TI Greek mathematical astronomy reconsidered
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Recent investigations have thrown new light on such topics as the early Greek belief in heliocentricity, the relation between Greek and Babylonian astronomy, the reliability of Ptolemy's Syntaxis, Hipparchus's theory of motion for the sun, Hipparchus's value for the obliquity of the ecliptic, and Eratosthenes' estimate of the size of the earth. Some claims resulting from these investigations are controversial, especially the reevaluation of Ptolemy (though it is notable that no one any longer uses data from the Syntaxis for investigating such things as the spin of the earth). This essay presents the evidence for these claims; it makes no pretense of presenting the evidence against them.
RP Thurston, H (reprint author), 12951 17th ave,Unit 3, Surrey, BC V4A 8T7, Canada.
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PT J
AU Gingerich, O
AF Gingerich, O
TI The trouble with ptolemy
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Ptolemy's Almagest, a brilliant treatise on theoretical astronomy combined with a practical handbook for computation, includes many compromises to reconcile discordant observations. This defense of Ptolemy examines in some detail a critical case concerning the model for Venus, which has sometimes been used as evidence for Ptolemy's perfidy. There the Alexandrian astronomer demonstrated his ingenuity when orbital constraints made it impossible to obtain directly the observed configurations he might have preferred.
C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Gingerich, O (reprint author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
CR GINGERICH O, 1993, EYE HEAVEN PTOLEMY C, P75
   JONES A, 1999, ASTRONOMICAL PAPYRI, V1
   JONES A, 1999, ASTRONOMICAL PAPYRI, V2
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   NEWTON RR, 1977, CRIME C PTOLEMY, P379
   Ptolemy, 1998, ALMAGEST
   Schaefer B. E., 2001, J HIST ASTRON, Vxxxii, P1
   SWERDLOW NM, 1989, J HIST ASTRON, V20, P29
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PT J
AU Mazzotti, M
AF Mazzotti, M
TI Maria Gaetana Agnesi - Mathematics and the making of the Catholic
   Enlightenment
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SCIENCE
AB Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718-1799) is known as the author of a textbook on calculus that appeared in Milan in 1748. For the first time a woman was able to establish herself as a legitimate mathematician and publish her work. This essay reconstructs the religious and scientific culture in which the textbook originated and considers lesser-known aspects of Agnesi's life and thought. It argues that Agnesi was a principal exponent of the "Catholic Enlightenment" in Italy and that her spiritual practice, pious activity, and innovative pedagogical ideas profoundly shaped her approach to mathematics. The study suggests that the reformist culture of the Catholic Enlightenment provided the conditions that enabled a few talented women to access privileged forms of knowledge and social life; it may be one factor that accounts for the unusual presence of learned women in Italian scientific institutions during the early eighteenth century.
C1 Univ Toronto, Inst Hist & Philosophy Sci & Technol, Toronto, ON M5S 1K7, Canada.
RP Mazzotti, M (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Inst Hist & Philosophy Sci & Technol, Toronto, ON M5S 1K7, Canada.
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PT J
AU Quinlan-McGrath, M
AF Quinlan-McGrath, M
TI The foundation horoscope(s) for St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, 1506 -
   Choosing a time, changing the Storia
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB St. Peter's Basilica is a familiar cultural landmark, begun under the patronage of Pope Julius 11 by the architect Donato Bramante and substantially completed by Michelangelo. Following a common Renaissance practice, a horoscope was produced for the foundation ceremony of the great structure. It suggests several features of Renaissance astrological practice in coordinating the heavens with the earth. This essay argues that the horoscope published in 1552 is not the original horoscope but, rather, a "rectified" chart made after the church construction had been stalled for nearly forty years; that the date had been chosen according to religious and political dictates, and so the astrologer(s) had to work with the planetary positions that pertained on 18 April 15W that the astrologer(s) chose the time of day-a time correctly noted not in the published horoscope but in the diary of Julius's personal secretary -because it coordinated the founding of the basilica with the important horoscopes of its patron and its region; that the primary patron of the basilica was not Julius but, rather. Christ, whose geniture was discussed in astrological texts of this era, that the coordination of the basilica's horoscope with that of Christ simultaneously coordinated the great structure with the thema mundi, the horoscope for the birth of the world; and that several putative horoscopes for Julius II seem related to those of the basilica and of Christ.
C1 No Illinois Univ, Sch Art, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA.
RP Quinlan-McGrath, M (reprint author), No Illinois Univ, Sch Art, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA.
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PT J
AU Krige, J
AF Krige, J
TI Distrust and discovery - The case of the heavy bosons at CERN
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID TRANSVERSE ENERGY; NEUTRAL-CURRENT; ELECTRONS; SCIENCE; 1ST; SSC
AB This essay describes the microhistorical process whereby different groups of scientific actors (competing teams of physicists at the research front, the laboratory directorate) came to claim that a new fundamental particle (the W boson) had been discovered at CERN. Particular attention is paid to the role of trust, and of distrust, in the directorate's planning of the experimental program and in their interpretation and promotion of its first results. Distrust demanded independent replication; it also influenced the way in which the CERN director general managed the credibility of the results for the world's press, turning a plausible but not yet widely accepted hypothesis into an undisputed fact. Produced and circulated in a context that included physicists, funding agencies, governments, and national power blocs, the discovery of the bosons by physicists in Europe challenged American domination of the field and shaped U.S. accelerator policy for the 1990s.
C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Hist Technol & Soc, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
RP Krige, J (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Hist Technol & Soc, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
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PT J
AU Broman, TH
   Nyhart, LK
   Warner, JH
   Nye, MJ
AF Broman, TH
   Nyhart, LK
   Warner, JH
   Nye, MJ
TI Annual meeting of the History of Science Society - Vancouver, 2-5
   November 2000 - Program report
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
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ER

PT J
AU Knowles, SG
   Leslie, SW
AF Knowles, SG
   Leslie, SW
TI "Industrial Versailles" - Eero Saarinen's corporate campuses for GM,
   IBM, and AT&T
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Eero Saarinen may be a familiar name to architectural historians for his designs for Dulles Airport, the St. Louis Arch, and other late modernist landmarks. Yet his biggest commissions were for corporate research laboratories for General Motors, IBM, and Bell Laboratories. In 1951 Fortune sent a photographer to document GM's sprawling "research campus." just beginning to take shape in suburban Detroit. The photographs capture what the editors called "a new and serene integration" of modern architecture and modem science and engineering. The GM Technical Center (1956), the IBM Thomas Watson Research Center (1961), and Bell Laboratories at Holmdel (1962) symbolized a postwar ideology of corporate research that emphasized basic research and took the university as the appropriate model for organizing science, But as the people who worked in and managed these laboratories over the following decades would learn the hard way, R&D, in the sense of turning scientific inquiry into product and profit, does not necessarily thrive in an "Industrial Versailles."
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Hist Sci Med & Technol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
RP Knowles, SG (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Hist Sci Med & Technol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
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ER

PT J
AU Lynn, MR
AF Lynn, MR
TI Divining the enlightenment - Public opinion and popular science in old
   regime France
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SPHERE
AB This essay explores the interconnections between the use of divining rods, a practice known as dowsing or rabdomancy, and the Enlightenment in France. The use of divining rods to find underground waters and minerals underwent considerable scrutiny in the 1690s after Jacques Aymar claimed that he could also track murderers and thieves. The subsequent debate, which engaged astrologers, doctors, theologians, and savants, reveals the tensions in French culture at the dawn of the Enlightenment and outlines the public forums used to address those tensions. Another dowser. Barthelemy Bleton. provoked another debate in the 1780s, this time with more emphasis on good versus bad science than on demons or stars. The varying arguments concerning dowsing illustrate the changing relationship between science and the Enlightenment. Also, the shifting location of the debate uncovers a growing public sphere of scientific activity and a broad range of individuals who participated,
C1 Agnes Scott Coll, Dept Hist, Decatur, GA 30030 USA.
RP Lynn, MR (reprint author), Agnes Scott Coll, Dept Hist, Decatur, GA 30030 USA.
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NR 69
TC 8
Z9 8
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 2001
VL 92
IS 1
BP 34
EP 54
DI 10.1086/385039
PG 21
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 445ZT
UT WOS:000169489000002
ER

PT J
AU Richmond, ML
AF Richmond, ML
TI Women in the early history of genetics - William Bateson and the Newnham
   College Mendelians, 1900-1910
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT 19th Annual Mid-America Conference on History
CY SEP, 1997
CL STILLWATER, OKLAHOMA
ID UNIVERSITY; CAMBRIDGE; EUGENICS; SCIENCE; WORK
AB William Bateson was one of the pivotal figures in the early history of generics. having championed the promise of Mendelism to unravel the secrets of heredity. Many refer to the "school" of genetics he directed at Cambridge between 1900 and 1910, but few note that Bateson's group consisted primarily of women. Bateson turned to botanists, zoologists, and physiologists associated with Newnham College, Cambridge, for critical assistance in advancing his research program at a time when Mendelism was not yet recognized as a legitimate field of study. Cambridge women carried out a series of breeding experiments in a number of plant and animal species between 1902 and 1910, the results of which provided crucial evidence that both supported and extended Mendel's laws of heredity. This essay shows how the situation of women in science in the early twentieth century was a factor - along with scientific, institutional, social, and political developments-in establishing the new discipline of genetics.
C1 Wayne State Univ, Interdisciplinary Studies Program, Detroit, MI 48202 USA.
RP Richmond, ML (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Interdisciplinary Studies Program, Detroit, MI 48202 USA.
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NR 152
TC 17
Z9 18
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 2001
VL 92
IS 1
BP 55
EP 90
DI 10.1086/385040
PG 36
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 445ZT
UT WOS:000169489000003
ER

PT J
AU Steen, K
AF Steen, K
TI Patents, patriotism, and "skilled in the art" - USA v. the Chemical
   Foundation, Inc., 1923-1926
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Prior to World War I, German firms dominated the production of synthetic organic chemicals such as dyes and related pharmaceuticals. When the war halted the supply of German chemicals to the United States, key American policymakers, manufacturers, and chemists sought to build a domestic industry. One policy, born of wartime anti-German fervor, was the confiscation of German chemical patents by the Office of Alien Property, an executive agency. In 1919 A. Mitchell Palmer and Francis P. Garvan, the two Alien Property Custodians under President Wilson, orchestrated the organization of the Chemical Foundation, Inc., to purchase and manage the former German patents for the benefit of the American chemical industry. By the early 1920s, however, criticism of Palmer and Garvan's actions led to a federal lawsuit challenging the legality of the Chemical Foundation. In the course of the trial, the litigants explored, among other things. the role of parents in the development of industry.
C1 Drexel Univ, Dept Hist & Polit, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
RP Steen, K (reprint author), Drexel Univ, Dept Hist & Polit, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
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TC 15
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 2001
VL 92
IS 1
BP 91
EP 122
DI 10.1086/385041
PG 32
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 445ZT
UT WOS:000169489000004
ER

PT J
AU Lightman, B
AF Lightman, B
TI The visual theology of Victorian popularizers of science - From reverent
   eye to chemical retina
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT Conference on Visual Imagination in Victorian Science and Medicine
CY MAY, 1998
CL PASADENA, CALIFORNIA
ID HISTORY
AB This essay examines the use of visual images during the latter half of the nineteenth century in the work of three important popularizers of science. J. G. Wood, Richard Proctor, and Agnes Clerke skillfully used illustrations and photographs to establish their credibility as trustworthy guides to scientific, moral, and religious truths. All three worked within the natural theology tradition, despite the powerful critique of William Paley's argument from design set forth in Charles Darwin's Origin of Species ( 1859). Wood, Proctor, and Clerke recognized that in order to reach a popular audience with their message of divine wonder in nature, they would have to take advantage of the developing mass visual culture embodied in the new pictorial magazines, spectacles, and entertaining toys based on scientific gadgets emblematic of the reorganization of vision. But in drawing on different facets of the emerging visual culture and in looking to the images produced by the new visual technologies to find the hand of God in nature, these popularizers subtly transformed the natural theology tradition.
C1 York Univ, Div Humanities, Bethune Coll 309, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
RP Lightman, B (reprint author), York Univ, Div Humanities, Bethune Coll 309, 4700 Keele St, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
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PT J
AU Holmes, FL
AF Holmes, FL
TI The "revolution in chemistry and physics" - Overthrow of a reigning
   paradigm or competition between contemporary research programs?
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT Symposium of the American-Chemical-Society
CY MAR, 2000
CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
SP Amer Chem Soc
AB Recent revisionist interpretations of the chemical revolution have left intact the core of the traditional view that its central feature was the overthow of the phlogiston theory by the oxygen theory of combustion of Antoine Lavoisier. The central confrontation has been seen as that between the adherents of the chemical system that Lavoisier built around his theory and the form of the phlogiston theory defended by Joseph Priestley. This essay contends that Priestley's use of phlogiston was so loosely connected with the older phlogiston theories descended from that of Georg Ernst Stahl that the events at the heart of the chemical revolution should be viewed more as a competition between two rival new research programs than as the replacement of a reigning paradigm.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Sect Hist Med, SHM, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
RP Holmes, FL (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Sect Hist Med, SHM, L130,POB 208015, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
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PT J
AU Portolano, M
AF Portolano, M
TI John Quincy Adams's rhetorical crusade for astronomy
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Astronomy thrived in Europe during the early nineteenth century, but in the United States a utilitarian mind-set opposed it. John Quincy Adams's oratory in support of American astronomical discovery reached its peak during congressional debate over the Smithsonian Institution (1838-1846). During this debate Adams countered proposals to found a university with plans for an observatory. His addresses to congressional and public audiences about observatories and astronomy were intended to foster interest in the science and encourage the growing astronomical community in America. Although the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., was established before the Smithsonian debate ended, many considered Adams its political father. Adams composed his speeches on astronomy in a systematic manner, following neoclassical principles of rhetoric that he had taught at Harvard University. His speeches both in and outside of Congress show evidence of the rhetorical principles he conscientiously used in the service of astronomy.
C1 USN Acad, Dept English, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA.
RP Portolano, M (reprint author), USN Acad, Dept English, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA.
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ER

PT J
AU Jones, DS
AF Jones, DS
TI Visions of a cure - Visualization, clinical trials, and controversies in
   cardiac therapeutics, 1968-1998
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT 1996 Annual Meeting of the
   American-Association-for-the-History-of-Medicine
CY MAY   12, 1996
CL BUFFALO, NEW YORK
SP Amer Assoc Hist Med
ID CORONARY-ARTERY BYPASS; MYOCARDIAL REVASCULARIZATION; RANDOMIZED TRIAL;
   GRAFT-SURGERY; HEART-DISEASE; ANGIOPLASTY; INFARCTION; ISCHEMIA;
   SURVIVAL; POLITICS
AB In the early 1970s physicians engaged in fierce debates over the most appropriate method of evaluating the efficacy of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). With millions of patients and billions of dollars at stake, CABG sparked fierce controversy. Skeptics demanded that randomized controlled trials (RCTs) be performed, while enthusiasts argued that they already had visual proof of CABG's efficacy. When RCTs appeared, they did not settle the controversy. Participants simply reasserted their preconceptions, defending a trial's strengths or exploiting its flaws. The debate centered on standards of knowledge for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. Specifically, cardiologists and cardiac surgeons struggled to assess the relevance of different measures of therapeutic success: physiological or clinical, visual or statistical. Many factors contributed to participants' decisions, including disciplinary affiliation, traditions of research, personal experience with angiography, and assessments of the history of cardiac therapeutics. Physicians had to decide whether angiography provided a meaningful representation of the disease and its treatment or whether demonstrations of therapeutic success could come only from long-term statistical evaluation of mortality data.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Sci Ctr 235, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Jones, DS (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Sci Ctr 235, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
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NR 204
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PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA
SN 0021-1753
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 375EH
UT WOS:000165386200004
ER

PT J
AU Courtenay, WJ
AF Courtenay, WJ
TI The early career of Nicole Oresme
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB It has long been known that Nicole Oresme was a master of arts and a student in theology at Paris by 1348. A recently discovered papal letter of provision granting Oresme an expectation of a benefice establishes that he was already a regent master in arts by 1342. The text of the letter as copied in the papal registers also mentions those persons mandated to help implement the provision, thus revealing part of Oresme's early patronage network, which included an important regent master of theology from Normandy and a bachelor of theology who had been summoned to Avignon in 1340 along with Nicolas of Autrecourt. This earlier dating of Oresme's arts degree places him at Paris during the crisis over William of Ockham's natural philosophy.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hist, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
RP Courtenay, WJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hist, 455 N Park St, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
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NR 25
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA
SN 0021-1753
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 375EH
UT WOS:000165386200005
ER

PT J
AU Henninger-Voss, M
AF Henninger-Voss, M
TI Working machines and noble mechanics - Guidobaldo del Monte and the
   translation of knowledge
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Three years after Guidobaldo del Monte, marchese of Montebaroccio, published his Mechanicorum liber (1577), Count Giulio Savorgnano, a military engineer and general of Venetian artillery, had the work translated into Italian. An analysis of the process of this literal translation under the auspices of an engineer reveals a series of intellectual and material translations through which mechanics became a powerful, paradigmatic science-translations between ancient and contemporary knowledge, between geometrical and physical demonstration, between elite and practical learning, and between philosophy and political economy. For Guidobaldo, each of these transformations both depended on and defined how the texts of mechanics were positioned in relation to the everyday practices and temporal goals of mechanical work. This study centers on Guidobaldo's articulation of mechanics from his perspective as a nobleman in the duchy of Urbino and examines his use of social, mathematical, and philosophical authority in his own authorship of mechanical science.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Hist, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
RP Henninger-Voss, M (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Hist, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
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PY 2000
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 343YA
UT WOS:000088729400001
ER

PT J
AU Duffin, J
   Hayter, CRR
AF Duffin, J
   Hayter, CRR
TI Baring the sole - The rise and fall of the shoe-fitting fluoroscope
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-the-History-of-Medicine
CY MAY, 1999
CL NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY
SP Amer Assoc Hist Med
AB One of the most conspicuous nonmedical uses of the x-ray was the shoe-fitting fluoroscope. It allowed visualization of the bones and soft tissues of the foot inside a shoe, purportedly increasing the accuracy of shoe fitting and thereby enhancing sales. From the mid 1920s to the 1950s, shoe-fitting fluoroscopes were a prominent feature of shoe stores in North America and Europe. Despite the widespread distribution and popularity of these machines, few have studied their history. In this essay we trace the origin, technology, applications, and significance of the shoe-fitting fluoroscope in Britain, Canada, and the United States. Our sources include medical and industrial literature, oral and written testimony of shoe retailers, newspapers, magazines, and government reports on the uses and dangers of these machines. The public response to shoe-fitting fluoroscopes changed from initial enthusiasm and trust to suspicion and fear, in conjunction with shifting cultural attitudes to radiation technologies.
C1 Queens Univ, Hannah Chair Hist Med, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Sunnybrook Reg Canc Ctr, Dept Radiat Oncol, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
RP Duffin, J (reprint author), Queens Univ, Hannah Chair Hist Med, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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PT J
AU Blair, A
AF Blair, A
TI Mosaic physics and the search for a pious natural philosophy in the late
   Renaissance
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB In the tense religious climate of the late Renaissance (ca. 1550-1650), traditional charges of impiety directed against Aristotle carried new weight. Many turned to alternative philosophical authorities in the search for a truly pious philosophy. Another, "most pious" solution was to ground natural philosophy on a literal reading of the Bible, especially Genesis. I examine this kind of physics, often called Mosaic, or sacred, or Christian, through the example of Johann Amos Comenius and those whom he praises as predecessors in his attempt to reform physics according to the "divine light" of Scripture. in analyzing the works of these authors, I conclude that what they shared most effectively was an agenda rather than a practice. They defended the single, universal truth of a "Christian philosophy" grounded in biblical literalism against the impious excesses of philosophical naturalism, on the one hand, and against the antiphilosophical attacks of extreme theologians, on the other hand. This peculiar strand of natural philosophy, neither traditional nor "modern," needs to be included in attempts to map the complex dynamics of contemporary debates and self-presentations.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Hist, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Blair, A (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Hist, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
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PT J
AU Jackson, JP
AF Jackson, JP
TI Blind law and powerless science - The American Jewish Congress, the
   NAACP, and the scientific case against discrimination, 1945-1950
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT Annual Meeting of the Southern Conference on Afro-American Studies
CY 1996
CL TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA
SP Natl Sci Fdn, Program Law & Social Sci
ID PSYCHOLOGY; POLITICS
AB This essay examines how the American Jewish Congress (AJC) designed a legal attack on discrimination based on social science. This campaign led to the creation in 1945 of two new AJC commissions, the Commission on Community Interrelations and the Commission on Law and Social Action. The AJC's attack on discrimination highlights the difficulties and potentialities of using social science research in the law. On the one hand, the relationship between the communities of law and social science was inherently unstable, with constant conflicts over their mission, work styles, timetables, audiences, and standards for success. On the other hand, the ATC's commissions generated new types of arguments and new types of evidence that were powerful tools against racial discrimination and eventually the key to toppling legal segregation. The essay concludes that while the processes by which lawyers and scientists produce their arguments are very different, the products of science can be very useful in the courtroom.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Ethn Studies, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
RP Jackson, JP (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Ethn Studies, Ketchum 30,Campus Box 339, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
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PT J
AU Sarasohn, LT
AF Sarasohn, LT
TI Thomas Hobbes and the Duke of Newcastle - A study in the mutuality of
   patronage before the establishment of the Royal Society
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SCIENCE
AB This study shows how patronage framed and fashioned the careers of Thomas Hobbes and his patron William Cavendish, the earl of Newcastle. Newcastle's protection allowed Hobbes to articulate heterodox ideas without immediate fear of reprisal. it also enabled him to solidify Iris status as a gentleman and the intellectual equal of both his mentor and other natural philosophers. When Hobbes offered his ideas on optics, motion, politics, and philosophy as gifts to his patron, he was reaffirming his own honor and status while acknowledging Newcastle's power. Hobbes always acted as if he was operating in the space created by a noble patron, even after this place had been transformed by the Royal Society. For Newcastle, intellectual patronage reaffirmed the status and honor he had lost during the English Civil War. Newcastle tried to establish himself as a philosopher in his own right by applying Hobbesian ideas to studies of politics, horsemanship, and swordsmanship. Thus, the rewards of patronage were mutual.
C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Hist, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
RP Sarasohn, LT (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Hist, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
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NR 71
TC 5
Z9 6
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD DEC
PY 1999
VL 90
IS 4
BP 715
EP 737
DI 10.1086/384508
PG 23
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 294BR
UT WOS:000085890500003
ER

PT J
AU Olwell, R
AF Olwell, R
TI Physical isolation and marginalization in physics - David Bohm's cold
   war exile
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID QUANTUM
AB David Bohm's career as a postwar American physicist demonstrates the effects of the cold war on the theoretical physics of that period. Bohm was fired from Princeton University because of his connections to the Communist Party while a graduate student at Berkeley during World War II; he left the country and took positions in Brazil and Israel and finally found a permanent post in England at Birkbeck College, University of London. Because of his political beliefs, Bohm was cut off from the scientific community that had nourished his early career; his isolation led him to explore creative alternatives to orthodox quantum mechanics but also limited his influence and audience within the mainstream physics community. In the 1970s, physicists and philosophers of science returned to Bohm's work as pan of a reexamination of quantum physics.
C1 Eastern Michigan Univ, Ypsilanti, MI 48197 USA.
RP Olwell, R (reprint author), Eastern Michigan Univ, 701 T Pray Harrold, Ypsilanti, MI 48197 USA.
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NR 72
TC 15
Z9 16
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD DEC
PY 1999
VL 90
IS 4
BP 738
EP 756
DI 10.1086/384509
PG 19
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 294BR
UT WOS:000085890500004
ER

PT J
AU Topper, D
AF Topper, D
TI Galileo, sunspots, and the motions of the earth - Redux
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB In the Third Day of the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632), Galileo presents an argument for the motion of the earth based on the annual motion of sunspots. Presented in a rather obscure and seemingly unorganized manner, this demonstration has been the source of much confusion and debate. Two key writings are Arthur Koestler's attack on Galileo's integrity, based on his reading of the proof as a piece of sophistry, and A. Mark Smith's defense of Galileo, based on a comparison of the Ptolemaic and Copernican explanations of the phenomenon. This essay reexamines the arguments of Galileo and others, uncovering especially a key flaw: that they disregarded, omitted, or trivialized the crucial role played by the precession of the equinoxes.
C1 Univ Winnipeg, Dept Hist, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada.
RP Topper, D (reprint author), Univ Winnipeg, Dept Hist, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada.
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NR 16
TC 1
Z9 1
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD DEC
PY 1999
VL 90
IS 4
BP 757
EP 767
DI 10.1086/384510
PG 11
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 294BR
UT WOS:000085890500005
ER

PT J
AU Hopwood, N
AF Hopwood, N
TI "Giving body" to embryos - Modeling, mechanism, and the microtome in
   late nineteenth-century anatomy
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT Meeting of the
   International-Society-for-History-Philosophy-and-Social-Studies-of-Biolo
   gy
CY JUL, 1997
CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON
SP Int Soc Hist Philos & Social Studies Biol
ID REPRESENTATION; CELL; TECHNOLOGY
AB Reinvestigating the work of the anatomist Wilhelm His (1831 - 1904) shows how engaging with models in three dimensions can revise our accounts of scientific change. His is known to historians of biology for articulating a mechanical approach to embryology and for inventing a section cutter, or microtome. Focusing on the wax models that he also made in the late 1860s shows how the other two innovations were linked: reconstructing embryos from the sections, His claimed, provided compelling evidence for mechanical views. The next generation of embryologists appropriated His's work selectively. In the 1880s anatomists took up "plastic reconstruction" to visualize the complex forms of higher vertebrate, especially human, embryos. An increasingly dominant experimental embryology, by contrast, drew on His's mechanical approach but had little use for the waxes and effaced them from the history of his work. Recovering these models offers a fresh perspective on the transformation of a central science of animal life and enriches our understanding of the relations between representation in two dimensions and three.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Cambridge CB2 3RH, England.
RP Hopwood, N (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Free Sch Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RH, England.
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NR 165
TC 29
Z9 29
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD SEP
PY 1999
VL 90
IS 3
BP 462
EP 496
DI 10.1086/384412
PG 35
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 247JJ
UT WOS:000083217400002
ER

PT J
AU Withers, CWJ
AF Withers, CWJ
TI Reporting, mapping, trusting - Making geographical knowledge in the late
   seventeenth century
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION; ROYAL-SOCIETY; SCIENCE; HISTORY; SCOTLAND;
   CULTURE; BRITAIN
AB The essay examines a range of geographical practices used in understanding the geography of Scotland in the late seventeenth century in the work of Sir Robert Sibbald, John Adair, Robert Wodrow, and Martin Martin. Attention is paid to the ways in which geographical knowledge in this period was based not simply upon mapping, reporting, and direct personal encounter but upon establishing trust and credibility and in negotiating social boundaries. The issues of trust and reliance on the word of others, as on the accuracy of one's instruments, are used to raise different questions about the nature of geographical knowledge as a practical science and about the local and situated place of geography in the development of early modern science.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Dept Geog, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, Midlothian, Scotland.
RP Withers, CWJ (reprint author), Univ Edinburgh, Dept Geog, Drummond St, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, Midlothian, Scotland.
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NR 98
TC 21
Z9 21
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD SEP
PY 1999
VL 90
IS 3
BP 497
EP 521
DI 10.1086/384413
PG 25
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 247JJ
UT WOS:000083217400003
ER

PT J
AU Zaitsev, EA
AF Zaitsev, EA
TI The meaning of early medieval geometry - From Euclid and surveyors'
   manuals to Christian philosophy
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT 20th International Conference on Patristic, Mediaeval, and Renaissance
   Studies
CY SEP, 1995
CL VILLANOVA, PENNSYLVANIA
HO VILLANOVA UNIV
AB A peculiarity of early medieval geometrical texts was that alongside Euclid's Elements they transmitted remnants of the corpus of Roman land surveyors and metaphysical digressions extraneous to geometry proper. Rather than dismissing these additions as irrelevant, this essay attempts to elucidate the cultural grounds for the indiscriminate mixture of the three disciplines-geometry, surveying, and metaphysics. Inquiry into the broader context of early medieval culture suggests that neither geometry nor surveying was treated as an independent discipline. Texts on geometry and surveying were studied mainly because they were thought to provide good opportunities for enlarging the scope of meditation on spiritual subjects. Accordingly, the main concern of this essay is to show how Christian symbolism influenced both the composition and the study of geometrical texts, The essay is based on a wide range of sources: treatises on geometry and surveying, pictorial representations of Creation, and philosophical literature in which geometry was used in arguments about ontological doctrines.
C1 Inst Hist Sci & Technol, Moscow 103012, Russia.
RP Zaitsev, EA (reprint author), Inst Hist Sci & Technol, Staropanskii Pereulok 1-5, Moscow 103012, Russia.
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NR 82
TC 2
Z9 2
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD SEP
PY 1999
VL 90
IS 3
BP 522
EP 553
DI 10.1086/384414
PG 32
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 247JJ
UT WOS:000083217400004
ER

PT J
AU Dror, OE
AF Dror, OE
TI The affect of experiment - The turn to emotions in Anglo-American
   physiology, 1900-1940
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The author argues that during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Anglo-American physiologists discovered that the emotional experiences of their laboratory animals influenced their experiments. Asserting that previous generations had ignored the affective dimension of experimentation, these physiologists developed practices for recording, reporting, managing, and controlling the emotions of laboratory animals during physiological encounters. The author also argues that emotion became a powerful conceptual, rhetorical, political, and practical tool of the modem laboratory and that physiologists invoked emotion in order to contain and interpret numerous physiological facts and artifacts, promulgate alternative forms of knowledge-making, privilege new knowledge claims, and diffuse mounting political pressures. The study of the affect of experiment aims to contribute to the history of experimentation, knowledge, and emotion.
C1 Getty Res Inst Hist Art & Humanities, Los Angeles, CA 90049 USA.
RP Dror, OE (reprint author), Getty Res Inst Hist Art & Humanities, 1200 Getty Ctr Dr,Suite 1100, Los Angeles, CA 90049 USA.
EM odror@getty.edu
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NR 164
TC 27
Z9 27
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD JUN
PY 1999
VL 90
IS 2
BP 205
EP 237
DI 10.1086/384322
PG 33
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA 219HH
UT WOS:000081601500002
ER

PT J
AU Stamhuis, IH
   Meijer, OG
   Zevenhuizen, EJA
AF Stamhuis, IH
   Meijer, OG
   Zevenhuizen, EJA
TI Hugo de Vries on heredity, 1889-1903 - Statistics, Mendelian laws,
   pangenes, mutations
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The essay describes the development of Hugo de Vries's thinking on heredity from the publication of his Intracellulare Pangenesis in 1889 to the publication of Die Mutationstheorie, Volume 2, in 1903. De Vries's work in the 1890s can be characterized as an attempt to defend his theory of pangenes, especially the fundamental and controversial idea that different characters have different material hereditary carriers. Hybridization experiments served his goal. Recently discovered research notes on hybridization from 1896 suggest that, though he was unaware of Mendel's work, De Vries used the laws of dominance and recessiveness, segregation, and independent assortment to explain the 75:25 ratio in the second generation. He had discovered these laws by applying insights from probability theory to his research. In Die Mutationstheorie De Vries combined central concepts of intracellular pangenesis and his mutation theory by modifying the meanings of important terms and introducing new states of pangenes. In his attempts to describe Mendelian crossings in terms of pangenes and mutations, he became entangled in a number of contradictions. Some of his remarks suggest that he was aware that the Mendelian laws and his own theories of pangenes and mutations could not be made consistent.
C1 Free Univ Amsterdam, Fac Exact Sci, Dept Hist Philosophy & Social Aspects Sci, NL-1007 MC Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Free Univ Amsterdam, Fac Movement Sci, NL-1007 MC Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Amsterdam, Fac Biol, Inst Systemat & Populat Biol, NL-1098 SM Amsterdam, Netherlands.
RP Stamhuis, IH (reprint author), Free Univ Amsterdam, Fac Exact Sci, Dept Hist Philosophy & Social Aspects Sci, Post Box 7161, NL-1007 MC Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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ER

PT J
AU Hart, MB
AF Hart, MB
TI Racial science, social science, and the politics of Jewish assimilation
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This essay examines the work of Jewish social scientists who in the first decades of this century analyzed modern Jewish life from the perspective of anthropology and medicine. While the historiography of the social and racial sciences has focused almost exclusively on the Jews as objects of these sciences, scholars have begun to explore the degree to which Jews themselves were involved in social and racial scientific research about their own people. Trained in the natural and social sciences, Jewish researchers shared the same conceptual and methodological framework as their non-Jewish counterparts. Yet they had their own social and political agendas, and they used their research to achieve these. This essay demonstrates that Jewish social scientists, while united in their desire to counter scientific anti-Semitism through the use of social science, nonetheless were divided in the political or ideological conclusions they drew from their findings. More specifically, the essay shows how anthropological and medical analyses of Jewry were impelled by the debate between Jewish "assimilationists" and nationalists (Zionists) over Jewish integration in modern society and culture.
C1 Florida Int Univ, Dept Hist, Miami, FL 33199 USA.
RP Hart, MB (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Hist, Univ Pk, Miami, FL 33199 USA.
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PT J
AU Cong, C
AF Cong, C
TI The changing dynamic between science and politics - Evolution of the
   highest academic honor in China, 1949-1998
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The essay examines the changing dynamic between science and politics by considering the evolution of the highest academic honor in China. Academic Department membership in the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) was established as a position of scientific leadership. Now, CAS membership is China's highest academic designation, a lifetime honor rewarding Chinese scientists who have made significant contributions to the development of the nation's science and technology. Through analyzing this evolution-the early influence of the former Soviet Union, the persecution of the membership in various political campaigns, the rehabilitation of the system after the Cultural Revolution, the formal introduction of an honorific mechanism-the essay shows how politics has affected the institutionalization of scientific activity in twentieth-century China.
C1 Univ Oregon, Ctr Asian & Pacific Studies, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
RP Cong, C (reprint author), Univ Oregon, Ctr Asian & Pacific Studies, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
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PT J
AU Hecht, JM
AF Hecht, JM
TI The solvency of metaphysics - The debate over racial science and moral
   philosophy in France, 1890-1919
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID ANTHROPOLOGY
AB French nineteenth-century political theory generally held that the empirical scientism associated with the Enlightenment was inextricable from Enlightenment egalitarian ideals. As the century drew to a close, a racist anthropology developed that seemed to confound this idea because it combined scientism with a devotion to human inequality. There were several varieties of this phenomenon, but Georges Vacher de Lapouge's anthroposociology was most prominent. The racist doctrine was effectively combated by the anthropologist Leonce Manouvrier, but it remained troubling because it had demonstrated that science could be used against democracy. Three left-wing social theorists addressed this issue to great effect: Alfred Fouillee, Celestin Bougle, and Jean Finot. Though each of these men was dedicated to secular rationalism, each came to the conclusion that if society had to choose between Enlightenment ideals and Enlightenment methods it should preserve the ideals. In so doing, Fouillee, Bougle, and Finot proposed a sort of metaphysical leap of faith that would hold certain basic human values beyond the reach of scientific theories, however persuasive they might seem.
C1 Nassau Community Coll, Dept Hist, Garden City, NY 11530 USA.
RP Hecht, JM (reprint author), Nassau Community Coll, Dept Hist, 1 Educ Dr, Garden City, NY 11530 USA.
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ER

PT J
AU Sur, A
AF Sur, A
TI Aesthetics, authority, and control in an Indian laboratory - The
   Raman-born controversy on lattice dynamics
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Through the 1940s and 1950s the foremost Indian physicist, C. V. Raman, was embroiled in a scientific controversy concerning crystal dynamics with Max Born, a leading physicist in Europe. This essay analyzes the nature of the incommensurability between theory and experiment. It also examines briefly the aesthetic and cultural constraints on the development and reception of the points of contention, the stylistic and rhetorical forms of the arguments put forth by Raman and Born, the oblique axes of colonialism and nationalism, and the ascription of power and privilege to upper-caste Brahmins in India, all of which played a part in the generation and continuation of the controversy. The study thus affords a glimpse of the organization of science in one of India's premier institutions, the Indian Institute of Science at Bangalore, and illuminates the social process of science in postcolonial India.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Sur, A (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Sci Ctr 235, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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ER

PT J
AU Hankins, TL
AF Hankins, TL
TI Blood, dirt, and nomograms - A particular history of graphs
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT Annual Meeting of the History-of-Science-Society
CY NOV, 1997
CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA
SP Hist Sci Soc
AB L. J. Henderson, a Harvard physiologist and the first president of the History of Science Society, attempted to analyze mammalian blood solely as a physical-chemical substance. He found that the only way he could describe a chemical system as complicated as blood was by a diagram called a "nomogram." This lecture tells the history of Henderson's nomogram and of nomograms in general. It describes the origins of graphs in the eighteenth century, their development in nineteenth-century engineering practice, and their importance in the twentieth century for describing physical and chemical systems.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Hist, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
RP Hankins, TL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Hist, 315 Smith,Box 353560, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
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PT J
AU Pesic, P
AF Pesic, P
TI Wrestling with proteus - Francis bacon and the "torture" of nature
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID PHILOSOPHY; SCIENCE
AB Although many writers state that Francis Bacon advocated the torture of nature in order to force her to reveal her secrets, a close study of his works contradicts this claim. His treatment of the myth of Proteus depicts a heroic mutual struggle, not the torture of a slavish victim. By the "vexation" of nature Bacon meant an encounter between the scientist and nature in which both are tested and purified.
C1 St Johns Coll, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
RP Pesic, P (reprint author), St Johns Coll, 1160 Camino Cruz Blanca, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
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ER

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AU Benson, KR
AF Benson, KR
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SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Washington, HSS Execut Off, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
RP Benson, KR (reprint author), Univ Washington, HSS Execut Off, Box 351330, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
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PT J
AU Cohen, IB
AF Cohen, IB
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C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Cohen, IB (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
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AF Elliott, CA
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LA English
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C1 MIT, Dibner Inst Hist Sci & Technol, Burndy Lib, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
RP Elliott, CA (reprint author), MIT, Dibner Inst Hist Sci & Technol, Burndy Lib, Dibner Bldg,E56-100,38 Mem Dr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
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ER

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AU Gillispie, CC
AF Gillispie, CC
TI Apologia pro Vita Sua
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C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Hist, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
RP Gillispie, CC (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Hist, 129 Dickinson Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
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AU Grau, KT
AF Grau, KT
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C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
RP Grau, KT (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
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   HANSON NR, 1960, COMMUNICATION    JUL
   HANSON NR, 1960, COMMUNICATION    MAR
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ER

PT J
AU Hahn, R
AF Hahn, R
TI Berkeley's History of Science Dinner Club - A chronicle of fifty years
   of activity
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Off Hist Sci & Technol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
RP Hahn, R (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Off Hist Sci & Technol, 543 Stephens Hall 2350, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
CR Brunswik E., 1952, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
   EVANS, 1936, COMMUNICATION   0118
   EVANS HM, 1959, MEN MOMENTS HIST SCI
   GLACKEN, 1967, TRACE RHODIAN SHORES
   Johnson Francis R, 1937, ASTRONOMICAL THOUGHT
   JONES RF, 1936, LANGUAGES LIT, V6
   Lowie Robert, 1937, HIST ETHNOLOGICAL TH
   REED HS, 1942, SHORT HIST PLANT SCI
   Singer Charles Joseph, 1941, SHORT HIST SCI 19 CE
   STILLMAN JN, 1924, STORY EARLY CHEM
   Strong E. W., 1936, PROCEDURES METAPHYSI
   Timoshenko S. P., 1953, HIST STRENGTH MAT
   ZEITLIN JI, 1971, ISIS, V62, P507, DOI 10.1086/350793
   1956, HIST BACKGROUND CHEM
   1974, DEV BIOCH CONCEPTS A
   LENZEN VF, 1971, ISIS, V62, P509
   1932, ISIS, V17, P384
   1953, HIST SCI COLLECTION
   1919, GESCHICHTE NEUSPRACH
   1934, EXHIBITION 1 EDITION
   1952, SOURCEBOOK CHEM 1400
   1933, ISIS, V20, P6
NR 22
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ER

PT J
AU Hall, MB
AF Hall, MB
TI Recollections of a history of science guinea pig
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ London, Dept Hist Sci & Technol, Kidlington OX5 3AG, Oxon, England.
RP Hall, MB (reprint author), Univ London, Dept Hist Sci & Technol, 14 Ball Lane, Kidlington OX5 3AG, Oxon, England.
CR BOAS H, 1950, ISIS, V41, P261
   BOAS M, 1952, ISIS, V43, P123
   BOAS M, 1954, ISIS, V45, P53
   Boas M., 1958, R BOYLE 17 CENTURY C
   Boas Marie, 1952, OSIRIS, V10, P412, DOI 10.1086/368562
   Boas Marie, 1949, ISIS, V40.1, P38, DOI 10.1086/348993
   BROWN H, 1937, SCI ORG 17 CENTURY F
   CLAGG M, 1959, CRITICAL PROBLEMS HI
   Cohen I. Bernard, 1958, I NEWTONS PAPERS LET
   Cohen IB, 1990, RK MERTON CONSENSUS, P307
   Guerlac Henry, 1987, RADAR WORLD WAR 2
   HALL AR, 1977, CORRESPONDENCE H OLD, V11
   HALL AR, 1958, ARCH INT HIST SCI, V11, P113
   HALL AR, 1986, CORRESPONDENCE H OLD, V12
   HALL AR, 1962, UNPUB SCI PAPERS I N
   HALL AR, 1962, GALILEO NEWTON 1630
   HALL AR, 1965, CORRESPONDENCE H OLD, V1
   HALL AR, 1949, CAMBRIDGE HIST J, V9, P239
   HALL AR, 1975, CORRESPONDENCE H OLD, V10
   HALL AR, 1986, CORRESPONDENCE H OLD, V13
   Hall Marie Boas, 1962, SCI RENAISSANCE 1450
   Johnson Francis R, 1937, ASTRONOMICAL THOUGHT
   KUHN TS, 1951, ISIS, V42, P296, DOI 10.1086/349349
   Singer C.J., 1954, HIST TECHNOLOGY
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PT J
AU Harvey, J
AF Harvey, J
TI History of science, history and science, and natural sciences -
   Undergraduate teaching of the History of Science at Harvard, 1938-1970
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
RP Harvey, J (reprint author), 29 Kidder Ave, Somerville, MA 02144 USA.
CR BERNSTEIN J, 1987, LIFE BRINGS ONE PHYS
   BRINTON C, 1958, SATURDAY CLUB CENTUR, P213
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   COHEN IB, 1954, NATURE GROWTH PHYSIC
   COHEN IB, 1947, COMMUNICATION   0327
   COHEN IB, 1952, GEN ED SCI
   COHEN IB, 1948, SCI SERVANT MAN LAYM
   COHEN IB, 1956, COMMUNICATION   1210
   COHEN IB, 1984, SARTON SCI HIST SART, V75, P13
   COHN IB, 1947, COMMUNICATION    FEB
   COLBY M, 1938, COMMUNICATION   0506
   Conant James B., 1947, UNDERSTANDING SCI
   CONANT JB, 1959, ISIS, V49, P302
   CONANT JB, 1973, COMMUNICATION   0912
   CONANT JB, 1952, COMMUNICATION   0620
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   CONANT JB, 1957, ISIS, V48, P301, DOI 10.1086/348568
   EDSALL J, 1984, ISIS, V75, P11
   GUERLAC H, 1986, LYCHNOS, P1
   HENDERSON LJ, UNPUB MEMOIRS, P170
   Hershberg J.G., 1993, JB CONANT HARVARD HI, Vix
   Heyl B., 1968, J HIST BEHAVIORAL SC, V4, P316, DOI 10.1002/1520-6696(196810)4:4<316::AID-JHBS2300040403>3.0.CO;2-Z
   HILTS VL, 1984, ISIS, V75, P63, DOI 10.1086/353433
   KUHN TS, 1984, ISIS, V75, P29, DOI 10.1086/353427
   MERTON RK, 1985, ISIS, V76, P470, DOI 10.1086/353958
   SARTON G, 1926, ISIS, V8, P7, DOI 10.1086/358348
   SARTON G, 1934, COMMUNICATION   1212
   SARTON G, 1926, ISIS, V8, P159
   SARTON G, 1962, SARTON HIST SCI, P23
   SARTON G, 1941, COMMUNICATION   0623
   SARTON G, 1943, COMMUNICATION   0322
   SARTON G, 1938, ISIS, V29
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   SKINNER BF, 1993, SCI ANTISCIENCE, pCH1
   THACKRAY A, 1972, ISIS, V63, P473
   YOUNG R, 1973, CHANGING PERSPECTIVE, P388
   1938, OSIRIS, V4, P360
   1924, ISIS, V5, P6
   1957, HARVARD ALUMINI 0928, P12
   1942, ISIS, V33, P714
   1941, ISIS, V33, P340
   1958, M COMM HIGH DEGR HIS
   1942, NATURE, V149, P374
   1942, SCIENCE, V95, P316
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PT J
AU Holton, G
AF Holton, G
TI Some lessons from living in the history of science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
C1 Harvard Univ, Jefferson Phys Lab 358, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Holton, G (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Jefferson Phys Lab 358, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
CR CARNAP R, 1963, PHILOS R CARNAP, P32
   ELOGES, 1988, ISIS, V70, P475
   FRANK P, 1951, P AM ACAD ARTS SCI, V80, P9
   Holton G., 1998, SCI IMAGINATION
   SCRIBNER, 1997, ISIS, V88, P302
   SEELIG C, 1954, A EINSTEIN
   Sonnert G., 1995, GENDER DIFFERENCES S
NR 7
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ER

PT J
AU Provine, W
AF Provine, W
TI No free will
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
RP Provine, W (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
CR de Chardin Pierre Teihard, 1959, PHENOMENON MAN
   Dobzhansky T, 1951, GENETICS ORIGIN SPEC
   Dunn L. C., 1963, SHORT HIST GENETICS
   Kimura M., 1983, NEUTRAL THEORY MOL E
   Provine W. B., 1986, S WRIGHT EVOLUTIONAR
   PROVINE WB, 1965, TENNESSEE HIST Q, V24, P256
NR 6
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ER

PT J
AU Winsor, MP
   Wilson, LG
AF Winsor, MP
   Wilson, LG
TI The Joint Atlantic Seminar in history of biology
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Toronto, Inst Hist & Philosophy Sci & Technol, Victoria Coll, Toronto, ON M5S 1K7, Canada.
RP Winsor, MP (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Inst Hist & Philosophy Sci & Technol, Victoria Coll, 73 Queens Pk Crescent, Toronto, ON M5S 1K7, Canada.
NR 0
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PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI Prizes awarded by the History of Science Society
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
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PT J
AU Gleason, ML
AF Gleason, ML
TI The Metropolitan New York Section of the History of Science Society
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
RP Gleason, ML (reprint author), 54 Riverside Dr,Apartment 3D, New York, NY 10024 USA.
CR GLEASON ML, 1991, ROYAL SOC LONDON YEA
   HELLMAN CD, 1958, COMMUNICATION   0428
   1992, GUIDE HIST SCI, P238
NR 3
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PT J
AU Schofield, RE
AF Schofield, RE
TI "Too far to go" - Early years of the Midwest Junto
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
RP Schofield, RE (reprint author), 44 Sycamore Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
NR 0
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PT J
AU Sokal, MM
   Erikson, GE
AF Sokal, MM
   Erikson, GE
TI Officers of the History of Science Society, 1924-99
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
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PT J
AU Nyhart, LK
AF Nyhart, LK
TI Civic and economic zoology in nineteenth-century Germany - The "living
   communities" of Karl Mobius
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT Meeting of the
   International-Society-for-History-Philosophy-and-Social-Studies-of-Biolo
   gy
CY JUL, 1997
CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON
SP Int Soc Hist Philos & Social Studies Biol
AB In an effort to broaden our analytical approach to nineteenth-century German science, this essay examines the intellectual and social worlds of the Kiel zoologist Karl Mobius from the late 1850s to the late 1870s. I first analyze Mobius's famous concept of the "bioconose" or biotic community, which appeared in an 1877 monograph on oyster-culture. Although this book seems to exemplify the conjunction between state and university that has dominated the historiography of German science, in fact, as I go on to argue, the conceptual framework it came from was largely developed earlier, when he worked as a schoolteacher and natural history activist in Hamburg. An analysis of Mobius's writings and activities during his fifteen years in Hamburg (1853-1868) shows that elements crucial to his community concept grew out of his varied activities in the civic setting. This "civic zoology," I argue, is a crucial site for investigating both the development of biogeographical and ecological thinking in the later nineteenth century and the broader culture of science among the Burgertum of Wilhelmine Germany.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hist Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
RP Nyhart, LK (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hist Sci, 7143 Social Sci Bldg,1180 Observ Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
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PT J
AU Wright, D
AF Wright, D
TI The translation of modern western science in nineteenth-century China,
   1840-1895
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT 3rd British-North American History of Science Meeting
CY JUL, 1996
CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND
ID 19TH-CENTURY CHINA
AB The translation of Western science texts into Chinese began with the Jesuits in the sixteenth century, but by 1800 their impact had waned. The First Opium War (1839-1842) and the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) stimulated renewed interest in Western military technologies and in the sciences that underpinned them, leading to the beginning of systematic translations at government institutions in the late 1860s. At the same time, Western missionaries were making their own science translations, in the belief that science would be an "auxiliary to the spreading of the gospel." Translation techniques are compared to those of the early Buddhist missionaries. Methods for creating new terms and their relative merits are discussed, together with the opinions of those who argued that the whole enterprise was impossible. The relatively small direct influence of the translations is contrasted with their effect as catalysts for intellectual and political changes that would find their full expression only in the next century.
RP Wright, D (reprint author), 118 Bathurst Rd, Wokingham RG41 5JF, England.
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ER

PT J
AU Mazzotti, M
AF Mazzotti, M
TI The geometers of god - Mathematics and reaction in the kingdom of Naples
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The controversy about whether analytic or synthetic methods should lx employed to solve geometrical problems was particularly lively in Naples during the first half of the nineteenth century. I investigate the origin of this controversy, arguing that, far from being based on a mere technical divergence, it was deeply rooted in the cultural and social milieu of the protagonists. I also show that the Neapolitan debate cannot be reduced to an opposition between "traditional" and "modern" mathematicians. The establishment and institutionalization of the "ancient" synthetic school was in fact accomplished in response to recent developments in mathematics, by practitioners who were themselves competent in the algebraic method. The proposed interpretation of the controversy links choices about problem-solving methods to more general orientations regarding the cultural and social changes that shattered the kingdom in the age of the French Revolution.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Sci Studies Unit, Edinburgh EH8 9LN, Midlothian, Scotland.
RP Mazzotti, M (reprint author), Univ Edinburgh, Sci Studies Unit, Edinburgh EH8 9LN, Midlothian, Scotland.
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ER

PT J
AU Hansen, LA
AF Hansen, LA
TI Metaphors of mind and society - The origins of German psychiatry in the
   revolutionary era
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID ENLIGHTENMENT
AB Johann Christian Reil's long polemic, Rhapsodieen uber die Anwendung der psychischen Curmethode der Geisteszerrutungen (1803), is a call for the reform of the treatment of the insane. It also marks a transition from the Kantian approach to physiology of his earlier work to the Naturphilosophie that increasingly characterized his publications after this time. In this essay I first survey the historiographical debates of recent years concerning society and the emergence of psychiatry. I then examine the social-cultural context of the late Aufklarung in Prussia, out of which Reil's work emerged, before sketching the intellectual background of the Rhapsodieen, which lies in the development of German physiology since the 1750s. The heart of my work is a close analysis of Reil's theory of mental illness. Here I tease out his political and cultural imagery and note the ways in which his originally Enlightenment assumptions shifted toward the Romantic amid the anxieties of the revolutionary era.
C1 Calif State Univ Fullerton, Dept Hist, Fullerton, CA 92834 USA.
RP Hansen, LA (reprint author), Calif State Univ Fullerton, Dept Hist, POB 6846, Fullerton, CA 92834 USA.
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ER

PT J
AU Junker, T
AF Junker, T
TI Blumenbach's racial geometry
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Tubingen, Lehrstuhl Ethik Biowissensch, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
RP Junker, T (reprint author), Univ Tubingen, Lehrstuhl Ethik Biowissensch, Sigwartstr 20, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
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   Gould Stephen Jay, 1996, MISMEASURE MAN
   1798, NATURLICHEN VERSCHIE
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PT J
AU Gould, SJ
AF Gould, SJ
TI On mental and visual geometry
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
C1 Harvard Univ, Museum Comparat Zool, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
RP Gould, SJ (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Museum Comparat Zool, 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
CR GOULD, 1996, MISMEASURE MAN
   GOULD SJ, 1994, DISCOVER, V15, P64
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PT J
AU Feffer, LB
AF Feffer, LB
TI Oswald Veblen and the capitalization of American mathematics - Raising
   money for research, 1923-1928
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Between the world wars, all the scientific professions in the United States underwent tremendous growth. The wartime experiences of scientific leaders whetted their appetites for the continuation of some kind of concentrated, well-funded research programs. Turning not to government but instead to philanthropy, physicists and chemists worked to parlay their postwar prestige into greater support for unfettered research. Leaders of the American mathematical community also wanted to expand their base of support but found themselves facing unique obstacles. Attempts to raise money to support mathematical research had mixed results. This article discusses primarily the efforts led by Oswald Veblen in the 1920s to collect funds to support mathematics through Princeton University and the American Mathematical Society in the context of this climate of expansion for the physical sciences. The mathematical community in America has not yet received the level of careful study historians have applied to the physics community; this article also attempts to redress that imbalance.
RP Feffer, LB (reprint author), 163 Lloyd Rd, Aberdeen, NJ 07747 USA.
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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ER

PT J
AU Staley, R
AF Staley, R
TI On the histories of relativity - The propagation and elaboration of
   relativity theory in participant histories in Germany, 1905-1911
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT REHSEIS Meeting
CY 1997
CL PARIS, FRANCE
ID CAMBRIDGE MATHEMATICS; CAVENDISH PHYSICS; CUNNINGHAM; CAMPBELL; SCIENCE
AB This essay explores the history and historiography of relativity through a study of the earliest, participant, histories of the subject. The author argues that participant histories from Einstein, Planck, Minkowski, and others provided an important means of shaping understandings of relativity-at a time when the theory was subject to major controversy and debate. One feature of the study is thus a detailed investigation of the use of historical resources in scientific research. Second, the accounts discussed provide a means of surveying the development of relativity in Germany. Here their changing attributions of authorship-and the particular nature of research histories offered by Einstein and Minkowski-reveal features of the relationship between the work of Lorentz, Einstein, and Minkowski that are in some tension with the understanding built up by previous historians. The study therefore offers a new perspective on the complex process through which a plurality of approaches-many relativities with many histories-could become singular-one theory, one history-and through which the work of Einstein came to be sharply distinguished from that of others.
C1 Univ Chicago, Morris Fishbein Ctr Hist Sci & Med, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
RP Staley, R (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Morris Fishbein Ctr Hist Sci & Med, 1126 E 59th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
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ER

PT J
AU Mertens, J
AF Mertens, J
TI Shocks and sparks - The voltaic pile as a demonstration device
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The invention of the Voltaic pile in March 1800 is often regarded as the final blow to Galvani's theory of animal electricity. But good arguments for an alternative interpretation of the pile as a public demonstration device can be found. It was an amplifier of effects observed and described in 1797 and an essential part of the strategy of "multiplying one's witnesses" outlined by Shapin and Schaffer. Volta tried to win general recognition of his jurisdiction over metallic electricity. He was conscious of the difference between expert colleagues and the general public: the pile was addressed to the latter category of witnesses.
C1 Wageningen Univ Agr, Dept Appl Philosophy, NL-6706 KN Wageningen, Netherlands.
RP Mertens, J (reprint author), Wageningen Univ Agr, Dept Appl Philosophy, Hollandsweg 1, NL-6706 KN Wageningen, Netherlands.
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NR 25
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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ER

PT J
AU Leonard, RJ
AF Leonard, RJ
TI Ethics and the excluded middle - Karl Menger and social science in
   interwar Vienna
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB For over a decade, before he fled to the United States in 1937, the Viennese mathematician Karl Menger (1902-1985) was both a participant in the discussions of the Vienna Circle, with Hahn, Schlick, Neurath, and Carnap, and an important presence in Viennese social scientific circles. His writings span pure mathematics, the philosophy of mathematics, ethics, and economics, and his work on the last two marked a turn toward abstraction in social theory at a time when mathematical modeling was foreign to most social scientists. Read by economists in Vienna and abroad, Menger was particularly influential in Morgenstern's contribution to the development of game theory with John von Neumann at Princeton during World War II. Drawing on both new and established archival material, this essay illustrates Menger's contribution to social science, placing particular emphasis on the complex manner in which it was shaped by both his participation in the debates on the foundations of mathematics and his personal reaction to the convolutions of Viennese politics. This account of Menger shows how, on the eve of Hitler's arrival in Vienna, social scientific, mathematical, and political debates there were deeply intertwined.
C1 Univ Quebec, Dept Econ, Montreal, PQ H2X 3X2, Canada.
RP Leonard, RJ (reprint author), Univ Quebec, Dept Econ, 315 Ste Catherine, Montreal, PQ H2X 3X2, Canada.
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ER

PT J
AU Geschwind, CH
AF Geschwind, CH
TI Embracing science and research - Early twentieth-century Jesuits and
   seismology in the United States
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB A close examination of the involvement of American Jesuits in seismology during the early twentieth century provides insights into both the pervasive appeal of science in American culture and the place of the Jesuits within the ecology of American science. American Jesuits first became involved in seismology in 1909 nor because of any deep interest in science for its own sake, but because they sought widespread publicity and general acclaim in a culture that celebrated science. Their involvement in seismology then became an important channel through which the larger culture's enthusiasm for scientific research entered the tradition-bound Jesuit college. The Jesuits decided to concentrate on seismology in large part because they perceived that several structural features of the Jesuit organization suited them for the pursuit of this particular science. These structural features included the existence of a widespread network of Jesuit colleges and the interdisciplinary nature of Jesuit training in science.
C1 George Washington Univ, Dept Hist, Ctr Hist Recent Sci, Washington, DC 20052 USA.
RP Geschwind, CH (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Dept Hist, Ctr Hist Recent Sci, Washington, DC 20052 USA.
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ER

PT J
AU Moreton, J
AF Moreton, J
TI Doubts about the calendar - Bede and the eclipse of 664
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The thesis of this article is that Bede's great work on time reckoning, the De temporum ratione (A.D. 725), contains the seeds of later calendar reform. The year 664 was distinguished not only by the Synod of Whitby, after which the Northumbrian Church conformed to the Roman method of calculating Easter, but by an event of computistical significance- the solar eclipse on 1 May. Since this date showed the Roman reckoning to be inaccurate, it was altered to 3 May. Bede knew of this alteration and was uneasy about it. He at first attempted to justify the ecclesiastical dating, although eyewitness accounts showed it to be wrong, and later, by referring to the Acta synodi, a document used by the Irish to justify their Easter reckoning, implied how a solution to the problem might be found. In the eleventh century, Gerland spelled out the heterodox ideas at which Bede had only hinted.
C1 Dublin Inst Technol, Dublin, Ireland.
RP Moreton, J (reprint author), Dublin Inst Technol, Kevin St, Dublin, Ireland.
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ER

PT J
AU Debus, AG
AF Debus, AG
TI Chemists, physicians, and changing perspectives on the scientific
   revolution
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT Annual Meeting of the History-of-Science-Society
CY NOV   09, 1996
CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA
SP Hist Sci Soc
AB Positivism in the history of science and medicine was challenged by Waiter Pagel more than fifty years ago. He sought to understand early modern figures such as Harvey, Paracelsus, and van Helmont by looking at all their work, including nonscientific material generally ignored by other scholars. Of special importance in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was the chemistry found in the writings of Paracelsus and his followers. These "chemical philosophers" offered a new philosophy based on chemistry and chemical analogies that was to replace the works of the ancients. As physicians, they debated first with Galenists and Aristotelians and later with mechanists. The essay argues that these debates were an essential chapter in the development of the Scientific Revolution and important for understanding the Chemical Revolution of the eighteenth century.
C1 Univ Chicago, Morris Fishbein Ctr Study Hist Sci & Med, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
RP Debus, AG (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Morris Fishbein Ctr Study Hist Sci & Med, 1126 E 59th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
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ER

PT J
AU Beltran, A
AF Beltran, A
TI Wine, water, and epistemological sobriety - A note on the
   Koyre-MacLachlan debate
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB In the First Day of his Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze, Galileo provides a description of the behavior of wine and water when they an put in contact in a particular way. Alexandre Koyre employed this text to criticize Galileo's excesses in the use of thought experiments, although he valued such experiments as useful and necessary in Galileo's work. James MacLachlan, who defends the role of real experiment in Galileo's work, reconstructed the experiment described by Galileo and demonstrated that the results agreed with those he reported. According to MacLachlan, Galileo had really performed the experiment and Koyre went too far in his rationalistic interpretation. This note points to a text by Ambroise Pare, written many decades earlier than Galileo's text, that shows that the phenomenon described by Galileo was widely known and, therefore, weakens the case for MacLachlan's interpretation.
C1 Univ Barcelona, Fac Philosophy, Dept Log Hist & Philosophy Sci, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
RP Beltran, A (reprint author), Univ Barcelona, Fac Philosophy, Dept Log Hist & Philosophy Sci, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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PT J
AU MacLachlan, J
AF MacLachlan, J
TI Experimenting in the history of science
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB In history of science, valuable information about classical experiments can come from reconstructing them. Reconstructions have furthered understanding of the work of Galileo Galilei and of Isaac Newton. While Alexandre Koyre denied the validity of most of Galileo's experiments, particularly one where water and wine exchanged without mixing, James MacLachlan showed that this phenomenon occurs exactly as Galileo described. That Galileo may have heard of the water-and-wine trial elsewhere does not invalidate his construction of it. Studies of seventeenth-century physics are not assisted by narrow-minded interpretations limited to scientists' mental activities. Rationalism and empiricism need each other.
RP MacLachlan, J (reprint author), 813-633 Bay St, Toronto, ON M5G 2G4, Canada.
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ER

PT J
AU Pesic, P
AF Pesic, P
TI Secrets, symbols, and systems - Parallels between cryptanalysis and
   algebra, 1580-1700
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Codebreaking was an important secret of state in early modern courts. Its practitioners included several important figures in the history of mathematics, particularly Francois Viete, whose innovations in method and symbolism were crucial for modern algebra. Viete formulated an "infallible rule" for decryption that uses concepts of symbol and system similar to those of his new algebra. As the Book of Nature began to be read in new ways, the example of codebreaking was noted by Bacon, Descartes, and Boyle. Leibniz considered cryptology to be a model for his "universal characteristic" and pressed John Wallis to disclose the general rules of cryptanalysis, citing the analogy with the methods of mathematics. The parallels between algebra and cryptanalysis illuminate the symbolism and methodical procedure characteristic of both activities.
C1 St Johns Coll, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
RP Pesic, P (reprint author), St Johns Coll, 1160 Camino Cruz Blanca, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
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UT WOS:000072300900004
ER

PT J
AU Segre, M
AF Segre, M
TI Light on the Galileo case?
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB In two important speeches Pope John Paul IT considered the Galileo case in an attempt to "dispel the mistrust that still opposes, in many minds, a fruitful concord between science and faith." To what extent was his intention accomplished? The two speeches are not consistent with each other with respect to the freedom of thought, inquiry, and expression: the second is a partial but significant retraction of declarations mode in the first.
C1 Univ Munich, Inst Geschichte Naturwissensch, D-80538 Munich, Germany.
RP Segre, M (reprint author), Univ Munich, Inst Geschichte Naturwissensch, Museumsinsel 1, D-80538 Munich, Germany.
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NR 57
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PI CHICAGO
PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD SEP
PY 1997
VL 88
IS 3
BP 484
EP 504
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA YR033
UT WOS:000071450400004
ER

PT J
AU Todes, DP
AF Todes, DP
TI Pavlov's physiology factory
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The author examines the forces and relations of production in Pavlov's laboratory at the Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine during the first phase of its operation (1891-1904). As in any production site, the forces of production included its physical plant and technologies, its workforce (with its skills), and management's ideas about what constituted good products and how best to produce them. In Pavlov's laboratory, these included a physical plant adapted for physiological surgery and ''chronic experiments,'' dog-technologies and experimental practices created in accordance with Pavlov's Bernardian vision of physiology, and a workforce dominated by physicians untrained in physiology who were seeking quick doctoral degrees. The relations of production featured an authoritarian structure and cooperative ethos that allowed Pavlov to use coworkers as extensions of his sensory reach, while enabling him constantly to monitor the work process, to control the ''interpretive moments'' in experiments, to incorporate results into his developing ideas, and to convert them efficiently into marketable products.
RP Todes, DP (reprint author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT HIST SCI MED & TECHNOL,1900 E MONUMENT ST,BALTIMORE,MD 21205, USA.
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ER

PT J
AU Harkness, DE
AF Harkness, DE
TI Managing an experimental household - The Dees of Mortlake and the
   practice of natural philosophy
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT History and Philosophy of Science Colloguium at the Annual Meeting of
   the History-of-Science-Society
CY 1995
CL DAVIS, CA
SP Hist Sci Soc
HO UNIV CALIF DAVIS
AB Jane Dee was married to Elizabethan England's most eminent natural philosopher, John Dee. As John Dee's wife Jane was expected to perform a variety of traditional housewifely duties - managing servants, supervising domestic arrangements, and serving as a model of virtue for her family and the community. As the wife of a natural philosopher, however, Jane Dee was expected also to be her husband's helpmeet and partner - helping to make sure that the ''business'' of natural philosophy was profitable, overseeing the work of his philosophical assistants, and protecting her husband's privacy. This essay examines how Jane Dee negotiated her two roles within a busy and complicated household - how she interacted with her husband and his natural philosophy - and argues that the domestic sphere is an important site of knowledge production in the early modern period.
RP Harkness, DE (reprint author), COLGATE UNIV,DEPT HIST,HAMILTON,NY 13346, USA.
CR ABBOTT M, 1993, FAMILY TIES ENGLISH, P96
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ER

PT J
AU Davenport, AA
AF Davenport, AA
TI The Catholics, the Cathars, and the concept of infinity in the
   thirteenth century
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB This essay examines mathematical arguments used by two thirteenth-century theologians, Alexander Nequam and Richard Fishacre, to defend the consistency of divine infinity. In connection with their arguments, the following question is raised: Why did theologians judge it appropriate to appeal to mathematical examples in addressing a purely theological issue? Inquiry into the broader social and political context suggests that the struggle of the church against heresy at this time played a crucial role in stimulating Catholic concern over divine infinity and that the controversy between Cathar heretics and Catholics, in particular, partially explains why divine infinity acquired a distinctly ''scientific'' character within scholastic theology. A secondary aim is to call attention to the fact that an important root of the modern notion of the ''proper'' infinite is found in what were at the time and have since remained in historians' classifications theological writings.
RP Davenport, AA (reprint author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT HIST SCI,SCI CTR 235,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
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PY 1997
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA XY500
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ER

PT J
AU Butrica, AJ
AF Butrica, AJ
TI Historical collections in jeopardy - The Societe d'Encouragement pour
   l'Industrie Nationale
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB The Societe d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale, over its nearly two centuries of existence, has accumulated a treasure trove of boob and documents invaluable to the history of applied science, technology, and engineering in France. However, these collections, and even the society's continuing existence, is little known to scholars. The nature of these collections, as well as various attempts to organize and preserve them, are described, Despite those attempts, the society neglected its extensive library and archival holdings until 1995, when, inspired by its approaching bicentennial, it formed the Commission d'Histoire et du Bicentennaire. The commission combines society officers and a small number of scholars. The commission's limited funding, though, raises doubts about the future of the society's books and records, as well as scholarly access to them both today and tomorrow. If the collections' preservation is not ensured, the potential loss to scholars will be overwhelming.
CR BIREMBAUT A, 1966, ARCH INT HIST SCI, V19, P82
   BUTRICA AJ, 1988, HIST TECHNOL, V6, P325
   Hudson D., 1954, ROYAL SOC ARTS 1754
   REDONDI P, 1988, HIST TECHNOLOGY, V5, P194
   Sinclair Bruce, 1974, PHILADELPHIAS PHILOS
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ER

PT J
AU Ribe, NM
AF Ribe, NM
TI Cartesian optics and the mastery of nature
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
AB Descartes's Dioptrics is more than a mere technical treatise on optics; it is an essay in the ''practical philosophy'' that he claimed could render us ''masters and possessors of nature.'' Descartes's practical intent is indicated first by the instrumentalise character of his derivation of the sine law of refraction, which is based on a heuristic and readily mathematizable model that requires no consideration of light's ''true nature,'' Descartes's subsequent discussion of human vision is an extended critique of nature's workmanship that grounds the possibility of improving vision by artificial means. I suggest that this critique is the source of Descartes's doctrine that the purpose of sensory perception is to preserve the mind-body composite, not to provide knowledge of the essential nature of things. Accordingly, the ultimate goal of the Dioptrics is to ''master'' human vision by raising it from a mere means of self-preservation to an instrument of scientific knowledge.
RP Ribe, NM (reprint author), YALE UNIV,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,POB 208109,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520, USA.
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NR 107
TC 1
Z9 1
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD SEP
PY 1995
VL 86
IS 3
BP 373
EP 393
DI 10.1086/357236
PG 21
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA RZ738
UT WOS:A1995RZ73800001
ER

PT J
AU ACKER, CJ
AF ACKER, CJ
TI ADDICTION AND THE LABORATORY - THE WORK OF THE
   NATIONAL-RESEARCH-COUNCILS COMMITTEE ON DRUG-ADDICTION, 1928-1939
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
RP ACKER, CJ (reprint author), CARNEGIE MELLON UNIV,DEPT HIST,PITTSBURGH,PA 15213, USA.
CR ABEL JJ, 1921, FUTURE INDEPENDENCE
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NR 70
TC 6
Z9 6
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD JUN
PY 1995
VL 86
IS 2
BP 167
EP 193
DI 10.1086/357152
PG 27
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA RP895
UT WOS:A1995RP89500001
ER

PT J
AU KLINE, R
AF KLINE, R
TI CONSTRUING TECHNOLOGY AS APPLIED-SCIENCE - PUBLIC RHETORIC OF SCIENTISTS
   AND ENGINEERS IN THE UNITED-STATES, 1880-1945
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT Minnesota Seminar on the History of Science and Technology
CY APR, 1993
CL MINNEAPOLIS, MN
HO UNIV MINNESOTA
ID MIRROR-IMAGE; 19TH-CENTURY; IDEOLOGIES; AMERICA; MODEL; MIT
C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT SCI & TECHNOL STUDIES,ITHACA,NY 14853.
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PT J
AU BROTONS, VN
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TI THE RECEPTION OF COPERNICUS IN 16TH-CENTURY SPAIN - THE CASE OF
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PT J
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AF GOLDSTEIN, D
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NR 130
TC 13
Z9 13
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 1994
VL 85
IS 1
BP 26
EP 56
DI 10.1086/356726
PG 31
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA NB786
UT WOS:A1994NB78600002
ER

PT J
AU WALKER, JS
AF WALKER, JS
TI THE ATOMIC-ENERGY-COMMISSION AND THE POLITICS OF RADIATION PROTECTION,
   1967-1971
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID CONTROVERSY; SAFETY
RP WALKER, JS (reprint author), NUCL REGULATORY COMMISS,WASHINGTON,DC 20555, USA.
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NR 140
TC 3
Z9 3
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 1994
VL 85
IS 1
BP 57
EP 78
DI 10.1086/356727
PG 22
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA NB786
UT WOS:A1994NB78600003
ER

PT J
AU WESTMAN, RS
AF WESTMAN, RS
TI 2 CULTURES OR ONE - A 2ND LOOK AT KUHN THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID 17TH-CENTURY; CONCEPTION; SCIENCE; DUHEM
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCI STUDIES PROGRAM,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
RP WESTMAN, RS (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT HIST,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
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PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
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PG 37
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
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GA NB786
UT WOS:A1994NB78600004
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PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
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PT J
AU MICALE, MS
AF MICALE, MS
TI ON THE DISAPPEARANCE OF HYSTERIA - A STUDY IN THE CLINICAL
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LA English
DT Article
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TC 39
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
PD SEP
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VL 84
IS 3
BP 496
EP 526
DI 10.1086/356549
PG 31
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
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UT WOS:A1993MF91200003
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PT J
AU RUPKE, NA
AF RUPKE, NA
TI OWEN,RICHARD VERTEBRATE ARCHETYPE
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
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AU PANG, ASK
AF PANG, ASK
TI THE SOCIAL EVENT OF THE SEASON - SOLAR ECLIPSE EXPEDITIONS AND VICTORIAN
   CULTURE
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
ID EMERGENCE; SCIENCE
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,OFF HIST SCI & TECHNOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
RP PANG, ASK (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT HIST,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA.
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PT J
AU CARSON, J
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PT J
AU FEINGOLD, M
AF FEINGOLD, M
TI NEWTON, LEIBNIZ, AND BARROW TOO - AN ATTEMPT AT A REINTERPRETATION
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LA English
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PT J
AU SLOTTEN, HR
AF SLOTTEN, HR
TI THE DILEMMAS OF SCIENCE IN THE UNITED-STATES - BACHE,ALEXANDER,DALLAS
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LA English
DT Article
RP SLOTTEN, HR (reprint author), RUTGERS CTR HIST ELECT ENGN,39 UNION ST,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903, USA.
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AU MORUS, IR
AF MORUS, IR
TI CURRENTS FROM THE UNDERWORLD - ELECTRICITY AND THE TECHNOLOGY OF DISPLAY
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LA English
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PT J
AU SARASOHN, LT
AF SARASOHN, LT
TI DEPEIRESC,NICOLAS,CLAUDE,FABRI AND THE PATRONAGE OF THE NEW SCIENCE IN
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SO ISIS
LA English
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RP SARASOHN, LT (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT HIST,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA.
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NR 96
TC 28
Z9 28
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD DEC
PY 1992
VL 83
IS 4
BP 608
EP 629
DI 10.1086/356292
PG 22
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA KD964
UT WOS:A1992KD96400006
ER

PT J
AU COPENHAVER, BP
AF COPENHAVER, BP
TI DID SCIENCE HAVE A RENAISSANCE
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT MEETING OF THE CENTER FOR IDEAS AND SOCIETY OF THE UNIV OF CALIFORNIA
CY 1992
CL RIVERSIDE, CA
SP UNIV CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE, CTR IDEAS & SOC
C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT PHILOSOPHY,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521.
RP COPENHAVER, BP (reprint author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT HIST,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521, USA.
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NR 110
TC 4
Z9 4
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD SEP
PY 1992
VL 83
IS 3
BP 387
EP 407
DI 10.1086/356201
PG 21
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA JL584
UT WOS:A1992JL58400001
ER

PT J
AU LIVINGSTONE, DN
AF LIVINGSTONE, DN
TI DARWINISM AND CALVINISM - THE BELFAST-PRINCETON CONNECTION
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
RP LIVINGSTONE, DN (reprint author), QUEENS UNIV BELFAST,SCH GEOSCI,BELFAST BT7 1NN,ANTRIM,NORTH IRELAND.
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NR 103
TC 18
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD SEP
PY 1992
VL 83
IS 3
BP 408
EP 428
DI 10.1086/356202
PG 21
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA JL584
UT WOS:A1992JL58400002
ER

PT J
AU GOLDBERG, S
AF GOLDBERG, S
TI INVENTING A CLIMATE OF OPINION - BUSH,VANNEVAR AND THE DECISION TO BUILD
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SO ISIS
LA English
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NR 76
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD SEP
PY 1992
VL 83
IS 3
BP 429
EP 452
DI 10.1086/356203
PG 24
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA JL584
UT WOS:A1992JL58400003
ER

PT J
AU WINKLER, MG
   VANHELDEN, A
AF WINKLER, MG
   VANHELDEN, A
TI REPRESENTING THE HEAVENS - GALILEO AND VISUAL ASTRONOMY
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
C1 RICE UNIV,DEPT HIST,HOUSTON,TX 77251.
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PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
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PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
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PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
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VL 82
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PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
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VL 82
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BP 441
EP 453
PG 13
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PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
PD JUN
PY 1990
VL 81
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BP 189
EP 213
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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PT J
AU GILLESPIE, NC
AF GILLESPIE, NC
TI DIVINE DESIGN AND THE INDUSTRIAL-REVOLUTION - PALEY,WILLIAM ABORTIVE
   REFORM OF NATURAL THEOLOGY
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LA English
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD JUN
PY 1990
VL 81
IS 307
BP 214
EP 229
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UT WOS:A1990DN66600002
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PT J
AU BIAGIOLI, M
AF BIAGIOLI, M
TI GALILEO THE EMBLEM MAKER
SO ISIS
LA English
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PI CHICAGO
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PT J
AU MCCLUSKEY, SC
AF MCCLUSKEY, SC
TI GREGORY-OF-TOURS, MONASTIC TIMEKEEPING, AND EARLY CHRISTIAN ATTITUDES TO
   ASTRONOMY
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article; Proceedings Paper
CT 7TH MEDIEVAL SCIENCE COLLOQUIUM
CY JUN 01-05, 1987
CL COLLEGEVILLE, MN
C1 W VIRGINIA UNIV,PROGRAM HIST SCI & TECHNOL,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506.
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AU MELI, DB
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TI THE RELATIVIZATION OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
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AU PALLADINO, P
AF PALLADINO, P
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AU BROWNE, J
AF BROWNE, J
TI BOTANY FOR GENTLEMEN - DARWIN,ERASMUS AND THE LOVES-OF-THE-PLANTS
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LA English
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AU CUETO, M
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AU KRAUSE, DJ
AF KRAUSE, DJ
TI TESTING A TRADITION - HOUGHTON,DOUGLAS AND THE NATIVE COPPER OF
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NR 67
TC 1
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD DEC
PY 1989
VL 80
IS 304
BP 622
EP 639
DI 10.1086/355167
PG 18
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA CP741
UT WOS:A1989CP74100002
ER

PT J
AU APPLE, RD
AF APPLE, RD
TI PATENTING UNIVERSITY-RESEARCH - STEENBOCK,HARRY AND THE
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SO ISIS
LA English
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
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VL 80
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BP 375
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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UT WOS:A1989AX79700001
ER

PT J
AU SMITH, RW
AF SMITH, RW
TI THE CAMBRIDGE NETWORK IN ACTION - THE DISCOVERY OF NEPTUNE
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
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NR 138
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD SEP
PY 1989
VL 80
IS 303
BP 395
EP 422
DI 10.1086/355082
PG 28
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA AX797
UT WOS:A1989AX79700002
ER

PT J
AU NEWMAN, W
AF NEWMAN, W
TI TECHNOLOGY AND ALCHEMICAL DEBATE IN THE LATE MIDDLE-AGES
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LA English
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TC 23
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PD SEP
PY 1989
VL 80
IS 303
BP 423
EP 445
DI 10.1086/355083
PG 23
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA AX797
UT WOS:A1989AX79700003
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AU SEGRE, M
AF SEGRE, M
TI VIVIANI LIFE OF GALILEO
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TI WRIGHT,GEORGE,FREDERICK - FROM CHRISTIAN DARWINIST TO FUNDAMENTALIST
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AU SHAPIN, S
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PI CHICAGO
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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PT J
AU SAVAGESMITH, E
AF SAVAGESMITH, E
TI GLEANINGS FROM AN ARABISTS WORKSHOP - CURRENT TRENDS IN THE STUDY OF
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SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,VONGRUNEBAUM CTR NEAR EASTERN STUDIES,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
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PT J
AU GEISON, GL
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AF GEISON, GL
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TI PASTEUR AND THE PROCESS OF DISCOVERY - THE CASE OF OPTICAL ISOMERISM
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
C1 UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI & TECHNOL,CTR HIST SCI MED & TECHNOL,LONDON SW7 2AZ,ENGLAND.
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
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PY 1988
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UT WOS:A1988N212800001
ER

PT J
AU MEINEL, C
AF MEINEL, C
TI EARLY 17TH-CENTURY ATOMISM - THEORY, EPISTEMOLOGY, AND THE INSUFFICIENCY
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C1 INST ADV STUDY BERLIN,D-1000 BERLIN 33,FED REP GER.
RP MEINEL, C (reprint author), UNIV HAMBURG,INST GESCHICHTE NAT WISSENSCH,BUNDESSTR 55,D-2000 HAMBURG 13,FED REP GER.
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AU MCCORMMACH, R
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PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
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JI Isis
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AU LINDBERG, DC
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AU KAY, LE
AF KAY, LE
TI STANLEY,W.M. CRYSTALLIZATION OF THE TOBACCO MOSAIC-VIRUS, 1930-1940
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PT J
AU WISAN, WL
AF WISAN, WL
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PT J
AU MORAWSKI, JG
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TI ORGANIZING KNOWLEDGE AND BEHAVIOR AT YALE INSTITUTE OF HUMAN-RELATIONS
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AU LEVENTHAL, RS
AF LEVENTHAL, RS
TI THE EMERGENCE OF PHILOLOGICAL DISCOURSE IN THE GERMAN STATES, 1770-1810
SO ISIS
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PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
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JI Isis
PD MAR
PY 1986
VL 77
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EP 78
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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TI MISUNDERSTANDING THE MERTON THESIS - A BOUNDARY-DISPUTE BETWEEN HISTORY
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RP ABRAHAM, GA (reprint author), UNIV PITTSBURGH, DEPT SOCIOL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15260 USA.
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AU SALIBA, G
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RP SALIBA, G (reprint author), COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT MIDDLE E LANGUAGES & CULTURES,NEW YORK,NY 10027, USA.
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AU BELLER, M
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AU WILLIAMS, LP
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RP WILLIAMS, LP (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,DEPT HIST,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA.
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AU KING, DA
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AU WHITROW, M
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TI INTERRELATIONSHIPS IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE - BIBLIOGRAPHY AS A GUIDE
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AU STENECK, NH
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PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
PY 1982
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UT WOS:A1982PJ04900002
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AU MEYERTHUROW, G
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PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
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NR 50
TC 2
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1981
VL 72
IS 261
BP 29
EP 49
DI 10.1086/352649
PG 21
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA LF182
UT WOS:A1981LF18200003
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PT J
AU SHEETSPYENSON, S
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NR 90
TC 3
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1981
VL 72
IS 261
BP 50
EP 72
DI 10.1086/352650
PG 23
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA LF182
UT WOS:A1981LF18200004
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1981
VL 72
IS 261
BP 73
EP 82
DI 10.1086/352651
PG 10
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
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NR 90
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PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1981
VL 72
IS 262
BP 163
EP 186
PG 24
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PT J
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TC 39
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1981
VL 72
IS 262
BP 187
EP 215
DI 10.1086/352718
PG 29
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
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PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
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PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
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J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1981
VL 72
IS 264
BP 590
EP 612
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA MT075
UT WOS:A1981MT07500004
ER

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AU JACYNA, LS
AF JACYNA, LS
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PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1980
VL 71
IS 256
BP 11
EP 34
DI 10.1086/352406
PG 24
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA JH983
UT WOS:A1980JH98300001
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TI SCIENCE IN NEW-YORK-CITY, 1867-1907
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PT J
AU LENOIR, T
AF LENOIR, T
TI KANT, BLUMENBACH, AND VITAL MATERIALISM IN GERMAN BIOLOGY
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LA English
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PT J
AU WESTFALL, RS
AF WESTFALL, RS
TI NEWTON MARVELOUS YEARS OF DISCOVERY AND THEIR AFTERMATH - MYTH VERSUS
   MANUSCRIPT
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
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AU HAWKINS, H
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TI TRANSATLANTIC DISCIPLESHIP - 2 AMERICAN BIOLOGISTS AND THEIR GERMAN
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AU SHAPIRO, AE
AF SHAPIRO, AE
TI THE EVOLVING STRUCTURE OF NEWTON THEORY OF WHITE-LIGHT AND COLOR
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DT Article
RP SHAPIRO, AE (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,SCH PHYS & ASTRON,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455, USA.
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AU VUCINICH, A
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PT J
AU JACOB, JR
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AU ROSSITER, MW
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AU PYENSON, L
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TI EINSTEIN EDUCATION - MATHEMATICS AND THE LAWS OF NATURE
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LA English
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PT J
AU JONES, DP
AF JONES, DP
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LA English
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PT J
AU MULLIGAN, L
AF MULLIGAN, L
TI PURITANS AND ENGLISH SCIENCE - A CRITIQUE OF WEBSTER
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AU SERVOS, JW
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AF MALLEY, M
TI DISCOVERY OF ATOMIC TRANSMUTATION - SCIENTIFIC STYLES AND PHILOSOPHIES
   IN FRANCE AND BRITAIN
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
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AU DESMOND, AJ
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AU LARSON, JL
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TI ANGLO-SAXON PLANT REMEDIES AND THE ANGLO-SAXONS
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NR 38
TC 0
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1978
VL 69
IS 247
BP 226
EP 233
DI 10.1086/352005
PG 8
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA FN056
UT WOS:A1978FN05600005
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PT J
AU STIGLER, SM
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RP STIGLER, SM (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,MADISON,WI 53706, USA.
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TC 2
Z9 2
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1978
VL 69
IS 247
BP 234
EP 254
DI 10.1086/352006
PG 21
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA FN056
UT WOS:A1978FN05600006
ER

PT J
AU KOHLER, RE
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TC 11
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1978
VL 69
IS 248
BP 331
EP 355
PG 25
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA FS826
UT WOS:A1978FS82600001
ER

PT J
AU TURNER, FM
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TC 60
Z9 62
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1978
VL 69
IS 248
BP 356
EP 376
DI 10.1086/352065
PG 21
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
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TC 7
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PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1978
VL 69
IS 248
BP 377
EP 387
DI 10.1086/352066
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
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AU LORCH, J
AF LORCH, J
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AU DAUBEN, JW
AF DAUBEN, JW
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PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA EW359
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PT J
AU FARBER, PL
AF FARBER, PL
TI DEVELOPMENT OF TAXIDERMY AND HISTORY OF ORNITHOLOGY
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
RP FARBER, PL (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT GEN SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA.
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AU SPENCER, F
AF SPENCER, F
TI 2 UNPUBLISHED ESSAYS ON ANTHROPOLOGY OF NORTH-AMERICA BY
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LA English
DT Article
RP SPENCER, F (reprint author), UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT ANTHROPOL,ANN ARBOR,MI 48104, USA.
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PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
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JI Isis
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VL 68
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PT J
AU BLACKWELL, RJ
AF BLACKWELL, RJ
TI HUYGEN,CHRISTIAAN MOTION OF COLLIDING BODIES
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LA English
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JI Isis
PY 1977
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UT WOS:A1977EW35900006
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AU HEILBRON, JL
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TI SYMMER,R AND 2 ELECTRICITIES
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JI Isis
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UT WOS:A1976BL71200001
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PT J
AU HOME, RW
AF HOME, RW
TI AEPINUS, TOURMALINE CRYSTAL, AND THEORY OF ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
C1 UNIV MELBOURNE,DEPT HIST & PHILOSOPHY SCI,PARKVILLE 3052,VICTORIA,AUSTRALIA.
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AU DEKOSKY, RK
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TI CROOKES,W AND 4TH STATE OF MATTER
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AU TRENN, TJ
AF TRENN, TJ
TI RUTHERFORD ON ALPHA-BETA-GAMMA CLASSIFICATION OF RADIOACTIVE RAYS
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LA English
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AU CASSEDY, JH
AF CASSEDY, JH
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AU HINE, WL
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JI Isis
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AU KERKER, M
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AF SLOAN, PR
TI BUFFON-LINNAEUS CONTROVERSY
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LA English
DT Article
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TI SCHOLARSHIP AND IDEOLOGY - CHAIR OF GENERAL HISTORY OF SCIENCE AT
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AF NAYLOR, R
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NR 17
TC 3
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PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1976
VL 67
IS 239
BP 513
EP 526
PG 14
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA CQ121
UT WOS:A1976CQ12100001
ER

PT J
AU EKLUND, J
AF EKLUND, J
TI OF A SPIRIT IN WATER - SOME EARLY IDEAS ON AERIAL DIMENSION
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
C1 SMITHSONIAN INST,NATL MUSEUM HIST & TECHNOL,DIV PHYS SCI,WASHINGTON,DC 20560.
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SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
PY 1976
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BP 527
EP 550
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA CQ121
UT WOS:A1976CQ12100002
ER

PT J
AU HOYT, WG
AF HOYT, WG
TI PICKERING,WH PLANETARY PREDICTIONS AND DISCOVERY OF PLUTO
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
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PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1976
VL 67
IS 239
BP 551
EP 564
DI 10.1086/351668
PG 14
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA CQ121
UT WOS:A1976CQ12100003
ER

PT J
AU SIEGEL, DM
AF SIEGEL, DM
TI STEWART,B AND KIRCHHOFF,GR - 2 INDEPENDENT APPROACHES TO KIRCHHOFFS
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SO ISIS
LA English
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C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT HIST SCI,MADISON,WI 53706.
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PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
PY 1976
VL 67
IS 239
BP 565
EP 600
DI 10.1086/351669
PG 36
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
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UT WOS:A1976CQ12100004
ER

PT J
AU CARMODY, FJ
AF CARMODY, FJ
TI PTOLEMYS TRIANGULATION OF EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
PY 1976
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NR 29
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1974
VL 65
IS 226
BP 74
EP 82
DI 10.1086/351219
PG 9
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA S9967
UT WOS:A1974S996700005
ER

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AU KOTTLER, MJ
AF KOTTLER, MJ
TI WALLACE,AR, ORIGIN OF MAN, AND SPIRITUALISM
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
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VL 65
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BP 145
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
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PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
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AU CARRE, MR
AF CARRE, MR
TI MAN BETWEEN 2 WORLDS - BOREL,P AND HIS
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AU GURALNIC.SM
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   1839, SENTINEL        0129
   1840, SENTINEL        0901
   1841, SENTINEL        1211
   1843, SENTINEL        0118
   1838, SENTINEL        0417
   1845, SENTINEL        1110
   1841, SENTINEL        0223
   1837, SENTINEL        0919
   1845, SENTINEL        0204
   1843, SENTINEL        0510
   1845, AM FREEMAN      0205
   1845, COURIER         0611
   1841, SENTINEL        0427
   1841, COURIER         1027
   1844, COURIER         0131
   1845, SENTINEL        0917
   1844, SENTINEL        0624
   1839, SENTINEL        1231
   1842, SENTINEL        0108
   1844, COURIER         0522
   1846, COURIER         0416
   1845, SENTINEL        1129
   1838, SENTINEL        1106
   1843, SENTINEL        0819
   1841, COURIER         0403
   1841, SENTINEL        0202
   1844, COURIER         1204
   1842, COURIER         1005
   1846, SENTINEL        0708
   1846, SENTINEL        0817
   1845, SENTINEL        0919
   1843, SENTINEL        0708
   1845, SENTINEL        0610
   1846, SENTINEL        0701
   1844, SENTINEL        0525
   1846, SENTINEL        0723
   1844, COURIER         0313
   1843, SENTINEL        0812
   1841, COURIER         1215
   1846, SENTINEL        0724
   1846, MILWAUKEE GAZET 0203
   1838, SENTINEL        0717
   1844, AM FREEMAN      1108
   1845, COURIER         0924
   1845, AM FREEMAN      0226
   1840, SENTINEL        0714
   1843, COURIER         0531
   1845, SENTINEL        0913
   1846, SENTINEL        1216
   1845, COURIER         0212
   1845, AM FREEMAN      0515
   1842, COURIER         0810
   1839, SENTINEL        0604
   1845, SENTINEL        0605
   1842, COURIER         1116
   1844, COURIER         0508
   1846, AM FREEMAN      1027
   1840, SENTINEL        0623
   1842, COURIER         0511
   1846, SENTINEL        0720
   1841, SENTINEL        0810
   1838, SENTINEL        1127
   1838, SENTINEL        0626
   1841, COURIER         0630
   1844, AM FREEMAN      1120
   1843, COURIER         0329
   1841, COURIER         1229
   1843, SENTINEL        0517
   1838, SENTINEL        0612
   1846, SENTINEL        0626
   1843, SENTINEL        0329
   1841, SENTINEL        1005
   1846, SENTINEL        0318
   1842, COURIER         0706
   1843, COURIER         0215
   1842, SENTINEL        0611
   1841, COURIER         0501
   1842, SENTINEL        0817
   1844, COURIER         0306
   1845, SENTINEL        1119
   1843, COURIER         0222
   1841, COURIER         0609
   1845, SENTINEL        1215
   1841, SENTINEL        0824
   1845, AM FREEMAN      0305
   1840, SENTINEL        1027
   1844, SENTINEL        0810
   1837, SENTINEL        0725
   1845, SENTINEL        1111
   1846, SENTINEL        0826
   1839, SENTINEL        0226
   1845, SENTINEL        0118
   1845, SENTINEL        0101
   1842, SENTINEL        0212
   1845, SENTINEL        0523
   1838, SENTINEL        0918
   1845, SENTINEL        0602
   1846, SENTINEL        1116
   1838, SENTINEL        0911
   1845, SENTINEL        0613
   1839, SENTINEL        1210
   1845, SENTINEL        0319
   1845, AM FREEMAN      0529
   1845, SENTINEL        0522
   1838, SENTINEL        0925
   1845, SENTINEL        0303
   1843, SENTINEL        0930
   1837, SENTINEL        0829
   1837, SENTINEL        0926
   1844, COURIER         1225
   1844, COURIER         0320
NR 253
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1974
VL 65
IS 229
BP 448
EP 473
DI 10.1086/351340
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA V4522
UT WOS:A1974V452200002
ER

PT J
AU LEIGHLY, J
AF LEIGHLY, J
TI EARLY DRAWING AND DESCRIPTION OF A TORNADO
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
C1 UNIV CALIF,DEPT GEOG,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
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J9 ISIS
JI Isis
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IS 229
BP 474
EP 486
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA V4522
UT WOS:A1974V452200003
ER

PT J
AU ROGERS, JA
AF ROGERS, JA
TI RUSSIAN OPPOSITION TO DARWINISM IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY
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NR 75
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PI CHICAGO
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SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
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PT J
AU DEBUS, AG
AF DEBUS, AG
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PT J
AU HINE, WL
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PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
PY 1973
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IS 221
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PT J
AU KITCHER, P
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PT J
AU BEARDSLE.EH
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PY 1973
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EP 66
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UT WOS:A1973Q086900004
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AF DRAKE, S
TI MEDIEVAL RATIO THEORY VS COMPOUND MEDICINES IN ORIGINS OF BRADWARDINES
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LA English
DT Article
C1 UNIV TORONTO,INST HIST & PHILOSOPHY SCI & TECHNOL,TORONTO 130,ONTARIO,CANADA.
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NR 6
TC 2
Z9 2
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1973
VL 64
IS 221
BP 67
EP 77
DI 10.1086/351044
PG 11
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA Q0869
UT WOS:A1973Q086900005
ER

PT J
AU KAUFFMAN, GB
AF KAUFFMAN, GB
TI QUINQUEVALENT NITROGEN AND STRUCTURE OF AMMONIUM SALTS - CONTRIBUTIONS
   OF ALFRED WERNER AND OTHERS
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
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NR 98
TC 3
Z9 3
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1973
VL 64
IS 221
BP 78
EP 95
DI 10.1086/351045
PG 18
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA Q0869
UT WOS:A1973Q086900006
ER

PT J
AU FORMAN, P
AF FORMAN, P
TI SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONALISM AND WEIMAR PHYSICISTS - IDEOLOGY AND ITS
   MANIPULATION IN GERMANY AFTER WORLD WAR I
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
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NR 150
TC 49
Z9 49
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1973
VL 64
IS 222
BP 151
EP 180
PG 30
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA Q5285
UT WOS:A1973Q528500001
ER

PT J
AU KOHLER, RE
AF KOHLER, RE
TI ENZYME THEORY AND ORIGIN OF BIOCHEMISTRY
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
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NR 64
TC 36
Z9 36
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1973
VL 64
IS 222
BP 181
EP 196
PG 16
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA Q5285
UT WOS:A1973Q528500002
ER

PT J
AU WHITE, GW
AF WHITE, GW
TI HISTORY OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY AS SEEN BY AMERICAN WRITERS, 1803-1835
   - BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY
SO ISIS
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SN 0021-1753
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AU SNELDERS, HA
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TI SCHWEIGGER,JSC - HIS ROMANTICISM AND HIS CRYSTAL ELECTRICAL THEORY OF
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PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1970
VL 61
IS 207
BP 224
EP 230
DI 10.1086/350621
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
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UT WOS:A1970Y206500004
ER

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AU SNELDERS, HAM
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SN 0021-1753
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IS 207
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AU BAIRD, AWS
AF BAIRD, AWS
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SN 0021-1753
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PY 1970
VL 61
IS 208
BP 321
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DI 10.1086/350649
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
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SN 0021-1753
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AU MAUSKOPF, SH
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C1 KIRKLAND COLL,CLINTON,NY.
CR AQUINAS T, DE MEMORIAM REMINISC
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SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
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IS 204
BP 451
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA ZH596
UT WOS:A1969ZH59600003
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PT J
AU KAPOOR, SC
AF KAPOOR, SC
TI ORIGINS OF LAURENTS ORGANIC CLASSIFICATION
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
C1 UNIV SASKATCHEWAN,REGINA,SASKATCHEWAN,CANADA.
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PT J
AU THIELE, J
AF THIELE, J
TI PEARSON,KARL, MACH,ERNST, STALLO,JOHN,B - LETTERS FROM 1897 TO 1904
SO ISIS
LA German
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PT J
AU ZAPFFE, CA
AF ZAPFFE, CA
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PT J
AU WILSON, C
AF WILSON, C
TI KEPLERS DERIVATION OF ELLIPTICAL PATH
SO ISIS
LA English
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C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SAN DIEGO,CA.
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VL 59
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AU GERSTNER, PA
AF GERSTNER, PA
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LA English
DT Article
C1 CASE WESTERN RES UNIV,CLEVELAND,OH.
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AF HEWSEN, RH
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PT J
AU LOVELL, DJ
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PT J
AU ELKANA, Y
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JI Isis
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PT J
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NR 45
TC 15
Z9 15
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1968
VL 59
IS 197
BP 131
EP 143
PG 13
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA ZH590
UT WOS:A1968ZH59000001
ER

PT J
AU FORMAN, P
AF FORMAN, P
TI DOUBLET RIDDLE AND ATOMIC PHYSICS CIRCA 1924
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
C1 UNIV ROCHESTER,ROCHESTER,NY.
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PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
PY 1968
VL 59
IS 197
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PG 19
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA ZH590
UT WOS:A1968ZH59000003
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PT J
AU EGERTON, FN
AF EGERTON, FN
TI ANCIENT SOURCES FOR ANIMAL DEMOGRAPHY
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
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NR 90
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PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1968
VL 59
IS 197
BP 175
EP 189
PG 15
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA ZH590
UT WOS:A1968ZH59000004
ER

PT J
AU POTTAGE, J
AF POTTAGE, J
TI VITRUVIAN VALUE OF PL
SO ISIS
LA English
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PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
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PT J
AU YOUNG, RM
AF YOUNG, RM
TI FUNCTIONS OF BRAIN - GALL TO FERRIER (1808-1886)
SO ISIS
LA English
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PY 1967
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EP 18
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BP 37
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AU PAV, PA
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SO ISIS
LA English
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PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
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JI Isis
PY 1966
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PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
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JI Isis
PY 1966
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PT J
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C1 UNIV HAMBURG,INST GESCHICHTE NAT WISSENSCH,HAMBURG,FED REP GER.
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PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
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SN 0021-1753
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PT J
AU VINOGRADOV, SN
AF VINOGRADOV, SN
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SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
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PT J
AU DALES, RC
AF DALES, RC
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SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
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PT J
AU GUERLAC, H
AF GUERLAC, H
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NR 4
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JI Isis
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PT J
AU MACLEOD, RM
AF MACLEOD, RM
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PT J
AU HANKINS, TL
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JI Isis
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UT WOS:A1965CFW1400002
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PT J
AU JAYAWARDENE, SA
AF JAYAWARDENE, SA
TI BOMBELLI,RAFAEL, ENGINEER-ARCHITECT - SOME UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS OF THE
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PT J
AU RETI, L
AF RETI, L
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JI Isis
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ER

PT J
AU HOWE, HM
AF HOWE, HM
TI A ROOT OF VANHELMONT TREE
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SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
PY 1965
VL 56
IS 186
BP 408
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ER

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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1965
VL 56
IS 186
BP 420
EP 425
DI 10.1086/350043
PG 6
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA CFW34
UT WOS:A1965CFW3400003
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PT J
AU HAHN, R
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TI THE BOSCOVICH ARCHIVES AT BERKELEY
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   BOSCOVICH, 1887, RAD JUGOSLAVENSKE AK
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NR 21
TC 1
Z9 1
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1965
VL 56
IS 183
BP 70
EP 78
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
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GA CFW12
UT WOS:A1965CFW1200010
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NR 16
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
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PY 1965
VL 56
IS 184
BP 190
EP 195
DI 10.1086/349956
PG 6
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA CFW13
UT WOS:A1965CFW1300006
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PT J
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CR CASPAR M, 1930, J KEPLER SEINEM BRIE, V1, P121
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TC 1
Z9 1
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
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PY 1965
VL 56
IS 184
BP 196
EP 200
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
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UT WOS:A1965CFW1300007
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PT J
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NR 8
TC 1
Z9 1
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1965
VL 56
IS 184
BP 201
EP 205
DI 10.1086/349958
PG 5
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA CFW13
UT WOS:A1965CFW1300008
ER

PT J
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CR CALCATERRA C, 1948, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM, P37
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TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
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VL 56
IS 184
BP 207
EP 208
DI 10.1086/349960
PG 2
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
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UT WOS:A1965CFW1300010
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TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1965
VL 56
IS 184
BP 208
EP 209
DI 10.1086/349961
PG 2
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GA CFW13
UT WOS:A1965CFW1300011
ER

PT J
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CR BOYLE R, 1684, SHORT MEMOIRS NATURA, V4, P794
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NR 8
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
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PY 1965
VL 56
IS 184
BP 209
EP 211
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PG 3
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
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UT WOS:A1965CFW1300012
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CR BABINET J, 1848, COMPTES RENDUS, V26, P441
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NR 15
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1965
VL 56
IS 185
BP 320
EP 326
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA CFW14
UT WOS:A1965CFW1400005
ER

PT J
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NR 20
TC 4
Z9 4
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
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VL 56
IS 185
BP 327
EP 341
DI 10.1086/350001
PG 15
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA CFW14
UT WOS:A1965CFW1400006
ER

PT J
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CR AVELAR JCD, 1902, ILHA S JORGE ACORES, P431
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NR 13
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1965
VL 56
IS 186
BP 401
EP 407
DI 10.1086/350041
PG 7
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA CFW34
UT WOS:A1965CFW3400001
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CR ABURIDAH AA, RASAIL AL KINDI AL F, V1, P186
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NR 4
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1965
VL 56
IS 186
BP 426
EP 433
DI 10.1086/350044
PG 8
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SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA CFW34
UT WOS:A1965CFW3400004
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PT J
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NR 58
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
JI Isis
PY 1965
VL 55
IS 182
BP 409
EP 417
PG 9
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
SC History & Philosophy of Science
GA CFW11
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ER

PT J
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NR 17
TC 0
Z9 0
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
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PY 1965
VL 55
IS 182
BP 418
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NR 20
TC 1
Z9 1
PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
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VL 55
IS 182
BP 427
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
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PY 1965
VL 55
IS 182
BP 435
EP 443
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WC History & Philosophy Of Science
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ER

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DT Article
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PT J
AU GRAHAM, LR
AF GRAHAM, LR
TI A SOVIET MARXIST VIEW OF STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY - THE THEORY OF RESONANCE
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SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
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PT J
AU SUSSKIND, C
AF SUSSKIND, C
TI OBSERVATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC-WAVE RADIATION BEFORE HERTZ
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
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PT J
AU DEBUS, AG
AF DEBUS, AG
TI THE PARACELSIAN AERIAL NITER
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
CR AGRIPPA HC, 1651, 3 BOOKS OCCULT PHILO, P14
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PT J
AU BABINI, J
AF BABINI, J
TI BALBIN,VALENTIN AND THE 1ST ARGENTINE MATHEMATICS JOURNAL
SO ISIS
LA Spanish
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CR BABINI J, 1954, EVOLUCION PENSAMIENT
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NR 5
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PT J
AU STOCKING, GW
AF STOCKING, GW
TI FRENCH ANTHROPOLOGY IN 1800
SO ISIS
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JI Isis
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VL 55
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PT J
AU KARGON, R
AF KARGON, R
TI CHARLETON,WALTER, BOYLE,ROBERT, AND THE ACCEPTANCE OF EPICUREAN ATOMISM
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CR BOAS M, 1952, OSIRIS, V10, P430
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NR 18
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PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
PY 1964
VL 55
IS 180
BP 184
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PT J
AU GRANT, E
AF GRANT, E
TI MOTION IN THE VOID AND THE PRINCIPLE OF INERTIA IN THE MIDDLE-AGES
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NR 13
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JI Isis
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IS 181
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AU NASH, GD
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AU SIEGFRIED, R
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PT J
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EP 20
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EP 30
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PT J
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PT J
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TI CONTRIBUTION TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SOME TREES AND SHRUBS IN THE
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
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PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
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PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
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EP 30
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PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
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PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
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PI CHICAGO
PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
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VL 51
IS 163
BP 38
EP 55
DI 10.1086/348838
PG 18
WC History & Philosophy Of Science
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PI CHICAGO
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SN 0021-1753
J9 ISIS
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SN 0021-1753
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SN 0021-1753
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SN 0021-1753
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SN 0021-1753
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PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
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SN 0021-1753
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AU HINDLE, B
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AF SCOTT, WL
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PT J
AU PARTINGTON, JR
AF PARTINGTON, JR
TI SOME EARLY APPRAISALS OF THE WORK OF MAYOW,JOHN
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AU KENNEDY, ES
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PT J
AU BOYER, CB
AF BOYER, CB
TI THE TERTIARY RAINBOW - AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT
SO ISIS
LA English
DT Article
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PT J
AU DRAKE, S
AF DRAKE, S
TI GALILEO GLEANINGS III - A KIND WORD FOR SIZZI
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LA English
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CR CESI F, 1890, OPERE G GALILEI, V11, P157
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NR 7
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JI Isis
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ER

PT J
AU LEVEY, M
AF LEVEY, M
TI ALUM IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIAN TECHNOLOGY
SO ISIS
LA English
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NR 25
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PT J
AU ROSEN, E
AF ROSEN, E
TI GALILEOS MISSTATEMENTS ABOUT COPERNICUS
SO ISIS
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PT J
AU LEVEY, M
AF LEVEY, M
TI GYPSUM, SALT AND SODA IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIAN CHEMICAL-TECHNOLOGY
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JI Isis
PY 1958
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NR 10
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TC 0
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PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
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PT J
AU THORNDIKE, L
AF THORNDIKE, L
TI NOTES UPON SOME MEDIEVAL LATIN ASTRONOMICAL, ASTROLOGICAL AND
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CR GERGIS, HIST MAGIC EXPT SCI, V2, P718
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PT J
AU REINGOLD, N
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CR BACHE, 1863, COMMUNICATION   0731
   BACHE, 1863, COMMUNICATION   0214
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   BACHE, 1863, COMMUNICATION   0801
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PT J
AU SAMBURSKY, S
AF SAMBURSKY, S
TI ON SOME REFERENCES TO EXPERIENCE IN STOIC PHYSICS
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LA English
DT Article
CR ACHILLES, ISAGOGE
   APHRODISIENSIS A, ANIMA
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   HIPPOLYTUS, REFUTATIO, V1, P6
   PHILO, CONFUSIONE LINGUARUM
   Plato, PHAEDO
   PLUTARCH, STROMATEIS
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PT J
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PT J
AU DRAKE, S
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TI GALILEO GLEANINGS IV BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES
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PT J
AU DEMOTT, B
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TI SCIENCE VERSUS MNEMONICS - NOTES ON RAY,JOHN AND ON WILKINS,JOHN
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VL 48
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PT J
AU CHAPIN, SL
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PT J
AU STAUFFER, RC
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TI SPECULATION AND EXPERIMENT IN THE BACKGROUND OF OERSTED DISCOVERY OF
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NR 95
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PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
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JI Isis
PY 1956
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IS 149
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PT J
AU COHEN, IB
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SN 0021-1753
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PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603
SN 0021-1753
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SN 0021-1753
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